Assessing user performance in a community of users of data storage resources

ABSTRACT

According to certain aspects, a method of assessing users of a data storage system can include receiving configuration information relating to a deployed configuration of a first data storage cell and including number of installed data storage hardware and/or software components, the first data storage cell comprising a plurality of client computing devices and being configured to create and store one or more secondary copies of primary data generated by the plurality of client computing devices. The method may also include receiving information relating to an incident opened by a user of the first data storage cell. The method may further include updating a performance metric associated with the user to a new value to reflect a negative impact on the performance metric resulting from the opening of the incident by the user, wherein the degree of the negative impact is based at least in part on the configuration information.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/027,099, entitled “ASSESSING USER PERFORMANCE IN A COMMUNITY OF USERS OF DATA STORAGE RESOURCES” and filed on Jul. 3, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/282,745, entitled “ASSESSING USER PERFORMANCE IN A COMMUNITY OF USERS OF DATA STORAGE RESOURCES” and filed on Sep. 30, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/289,402, entitled “ASSESSING USER PERFORMANCE IN A COMMUNITY OF USERS OF DATA STORAGE RESOURCES” and filed on May 28, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/828,374, entitled “USER COMMUNITY IN CONNECTION WITH DATA STORAGE SYSTEMS AND SERVICES” and filed on May 29, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/839,791, entitled “USER COMMUNITY IN CONNECTION WITH DATA STORAGE SYSTEMS AND SERVICES” and filed on Jun. 26, 2013, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet of the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.

BACKGROUND

Businesses worldwide recognize the commercial value of their data and seek reliable, cost-effective ways to protect the information stored on their computer networks while minimizing impact on productivity. Protecting information is often part of a routine process that is performed within an organization. A company might back up critical computing systems such as databases, file servers, web servers, and so on as part of a daily, weekly, or monthly maintenance schedule. The company may similarly protect computing systems used by each of its employees, such as those used by an accounting department, marketing department, engineering department, and so forth.

Given the rapidly expanding volume of data under management, companies also continue to seek innovative techniques for managing data growth, in addition to protecting data. For instance, companies often implement migration techniques for moving data to lower cost storage over time and data reduction techniques for reducing redundant data, pruning lower priority data, etc. Enterprises also increasingly view their stored data as a valuable asset. Along these lines, customers are looking for solutions that not only protect and manage, but also leverage their data. For instance, solutions providing data analysis capabilities, information management, improved data presentation and access features, and the like, are in increasing demand.

SUMMARY

Providers of data storage solutions and other information management solutions and services often also provide maintenance and support to their customers. Some companies provide on-line portals or forums, which can provide resources to the customer community for dealing with the provider's software product, including resources for addressing with maintenance and support issues. According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, systems and methods are described for providing a user community that gives customers a vehicle for dealing with maintenance, support, and other issues. The user community is provided in connection with one or more information management systems deployed in customer environments. The user community may be an on-line, web-based portal. The user community can provide a variety of maintenance and/or support resources to customers, and may be hosted or otherwise operated at the control of the organization that provides the information management system and/or services.

The user community may provide a variety of types of resources including: product support resources (e.g., downloadable software updates, documentation, etc.), incident management resources, an on-line user forum, a stored knowledge base (KB), product education resources, etc.

In some cases, certain community users may consume disproportionately large amounts of support resources, such as users that open relatively large amounts of incidents, thereby consuming costly support personnel time. Support personnel often expend significant effort in an attempt to educate certain users on how to address product issues, with the goal being for the user to acquire the skills necessary to address future similar issues on their own, without having to rely on expensive human support personnel. However, some users do not take advantage of educational efforts, and may instead repeatedly open the same types of incidents. In view of these and other problems, it may be helpful for the information management system provider and/or the customer to evaluate a user's performance

In order to address these and other challenges, a system according to certain aspects can be provided to assign a score or ranking for a user (e.g., in connection with the user community). The score or ranking can provide a useful metric to the information management provider in determining how to most efficiently interact with that particular user going forward. For instance, problem users may be tagged for targeted educational efforts or other remedial action. Moreover, the score or ranking can serve as a social incentive for the user to change their behavior. As one example, the system can provide select users (e.g., problem users) with a list of remedial actions they can take to improve their score and/or ranking. For example, a score or ranking can be assigned to the user based on a variety of factors, such as the number of incidents associated with the user, the user's participation in the user community (e.g., good citizenship activities, educational or problem resolution contributions, certification, etc.).

A user that opens a fewer number of incidents may generally more helpful and efficient than a user that opens a large number of incidents. The user that opens fewer incidents can probably handle issues relating to the information management system without involving support of the information management system provider than the user that opens more incidents. Therefore, the number of incidents associated with a user may be of interest, e.g., to the information management system provider as well as the customer.

However, a simple comparison of number of incidents may not provide a particularly effective metric in some cases. Rather, aspects of certain embodiments provided herein include the realization that the true nature of a particular user's performance depends on a large variety of contextual factors. For example, the configuration of the information management system that a user is managing can be highly relevant in evaluating user performance. Two users may be interacting with information management systems having completely different hardware and/or software configurations, corresponding complexity, etc. In such a case, simply counting the number of incidents opened up by each user will not provide the most useful performance metric for evaluating the two users against one another.

Accordingly, certain embodiments provided herein take such contextual factors into account in evaluating a particular user's performance. For example, a company having a large number of deployed information management hardware and/or software components will, on average, naturally open more incidents than a company having a smaller number of deployed components. Accordingly, the information management system may normalize (e.g., by algorithmic weighting) input data (e.g., number of open incidents). Such normalization can be based on a measure that is derived from one or more characteristics associated with the organization that the user belongs to. As just one example, the number of open incidents can be normalized based on a number of hardware or software components (e.g., a number of client computing devices) deployed in an information management system environment associated with the user's organization. In one embodiment, such configuration information is obtained electronically from a dedicated agent running on the particular information management system, which can include a data storage cell installed at the customer site, for example. In these and other manners, systems described herein can accurately assess the relative performance of users of the information management system.

According to some embodiments, a method of assessing users of a data storage system is provided. The method can include receiving, with a first computing device of a data storage system provider, configuration information relating to a deployed configuration of a first data storage cell of a plurality of data storage cells and including one or more of: (1) a number of installed data storage hardware components and (2) a number of installed data storage software components, the plurality of data storage cells each located remotely from the first computing device, comprising a plurality of client computing devices, and being configured to create and store one or more secondary copies of primary data generated by the plurality of client computing devices. The method may also include receiving information relating to an incident opened by a user of the first data storage cell, the incident corresponding to an instance where resources of the data storage system provider were expended in an attempt to resolve an issue reported by the user associated with operation of the data storage cell. The method may further include, with the first computing device, updating a performance metric associated with the user from an initial value to a new value to reflect a negative impact on the performance metric resulting from the opening of the incident by the user, the initial value of the performance metric based at least in part on one or more previous incidents opened by the user, wherein the degree of the negative impact is based at least in part on the configuration information. The method can further include storing the updated performance metric in electronic storage.

According to certain embodiments, a system may include a plurality of data storage cells, each of the plurality of data storage cells comprising a plurality of client computing devices and configured to create and store one or more secondary copies of primary data generated by the plurality of client computing devices. The system may also include a first computing device of a data storage system provider, the first computing device comprising computer hardware and located remotely from and in communication with the plurality of data storage cells. The first computing device may be configured to receive configuration information relating to a deployed configuration of a first data storage cell of the plurality of data storage cells, the configuration information including one or more of: (1) a number of installed data storage hardware components in the first data storage cell and (2) a number of installed data storage software components in the first data storage cell. The first computing device may also be configured to receive information relating to an incident opened by a user of the first data storage cell, the incident corresponding to an instance where resources of the data storage system provider were expended in an attempt to resolve an issue reported by the user associated with operation of the data storage cell. The first computing device can be further configured to update a performance metric associated with the user from an initial value to a new value to reflect a negative impact on the performance metric resulting from the opening of the incident by the user, the initial value of the performance metric based on one or more previous incidents opened by the user; wherein the degree of the negative impact is based at least in part on the configuration information. The first computing device can additionally be configured to store the updated performance metric in electronic storage.

For purposes of summarizing the disclosure, certain aspects, advantages and novel features of the inventions have been described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary information management system.

FIG. 1B is a detailed view of a primary storage device, a secondary storage device, and some examples of primary data and secondary copy data.

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of an exemplary information management system including a storage manager, one or more data agents, and one or more media agents.

FIG. 1D is a block diagram illustrating a scalable information management system.

FIG. 1E illustrates certain secondary copy operations according to an exemplary storage policy.

FIGS. 1F-1H are block diagrams illustrating suitable data structures that may be employed by the information management system.

FIGS. 2A-2D depict illustrative graphical user interfaces relating to a user community in connection with information management systems and services.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system configured to implement generation of a score or ranking for users of information management systems and services, according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3A is a data flow diagram illustrative of the interaction between the various components of the exemplary system configured to implement generation of a score or ranking for users of information management systems and services, according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is flow diagram illustrative of one embodiment of a routine for generating a score or ranking for users of information management systems and services.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Systems and methods are disclosed for assessing users of deployed information management system componentry and/or services, such as by determining a score or ranking for such users. Examples of such systems and methods are described in further detail herein, in reference to FIGS. 2-4. Components and functionality for generation of a score or ranking for users of information management systems and services may be configured and/or incorporated into information management systems such as those described herein in FIGS. 1A-1H.

Information Management System Overview

With the increasing importance of protecting and leveraging data, organizations simply cannot afford to take the risk of losing critical data. Moreover, runaway data growth and other modern realities make protecting and managing data an increasingly difficult task. There is therefore a need for efficient, powerful, and user-friendly solutions for protecting and managing data.

Depending on the size of the organization, there are typically many data production sources which are under the purview of tens, hundreds, or even thousands of employees or other individuals. In the past, individual employees were sometimes responsible for managing and protecting their data. A patchwork of hardware and software point solutions has been applied in other cases. These solutions were often provided by different vendors and had limited or no interoperability.

Certain embodiments described herein provide systems and methods capable of addressing these and other shortcomings of prior approaches by implementing unified, organization-wide information management. FIG. 1A shows one such information management system 100, which generally includes combinations of hardware and software configured to protect and manage data and metadata, which is generated and used by the various computing devices in information management system 100. The organization that employs the information management system 100 may be a corporation or other business entity, non-profit organization, educational institution, household, governmental agency, or the like.

Generally, the systems and associated components described herein may be compatible with and/or provide some or all of the functionality of the systems and corresponding components described in one or more of the following U.S. patents and patent application publications assigned to CommVault Systems, Inc., each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein:

-   -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,035,880, entitled “Modular Backup and Retrieval         System Used in Conjunction With a Storage Area Network”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,298, entitled “System And Method For         Archiving Objects In An Information Store”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,207, entitled “System and Method for         Dynamically Performing Storage Operations in a Computer         Network”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,315,923, entitled “System And Method For         Combining Data Streams In Pipelined Storage Operations In A         Storage Network”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, entitled “Hierarchical Systems and         Methods for Providing a Unified View of Storage Information”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,395,282, entitled “Hierarchical Backup and         Retrieval System”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,529,782, entitled “System and Methods for         Performing a Snapshot and for Restoring Data”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,617,262, entitled “System and Methods for         Monitoring Application Data in a Data Replication System”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,747,579, entitled “Metabase for Facilitating         Data Classification”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 8,156,086, entitled “Systems And Methods For         Stored Data Verification”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 8,170,995, entitled “Method and System for Offline         Indexing of Content and Classifying Stored Data”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 8,229,954, entitled “Managing Copies Of Data”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,195, entitled “System And Method For         Performing Auxiliary Storage Operations”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,681, entitled “Data Object Store and Server         for a Cloud Storage Environment, Including Data Deduplication         and Data Management Across Multiple Cloud Storage Sites”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 8,307,177, entitled “Systems And Methods For         Management Of Virtualization Data”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 8,364,652, entitled “Content-Aligned, Block-Based         Deduplication”;     -   U.S. Pat. No. 8,578,120, entitled “Block-Level Single         Instancing”;     -   U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2006/0224846, entitled “System and Method to         Support Single Instance Storage Operations”;     -   U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2009/0319534, entitled “Application-Aware and         Remote Single Instance Data Management”;     -   U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0150818, entitled “Client-Side         Repository in a Networked Deduplicated Storage System”; and     -   U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0150826, entitled “Distributed         Deduplicated Storage System”.

The information management system 100 can include a variety of different computing devices. For instance, as will be described in greater detail herein, the information management system 100 can include one or more client computing devices 102 and secondary storage computing devices 106.

Computing devices can include, without limitation, one or more: workstations, personal computers, desktop computers, or other types of generally fixed computing systems such as mainframe computers and minicomputers. Other computing devices can include mobile or portable computing devices, such as one or more laptops, tablet computers, personal data assistants, mobile phones (such as smartphones), and other mobile or portable computing devices such as embedded computers, set top boxes, vehicle-mounted devices, wearable computers, etc. Computing devices can include servers, such as mail servers, file servers, database servers, and web servers.

In some cases, a computing device includes virtualized and/or cloud computing resources. For instance, one or more virtual machines may be provided to the organization by a third-party cloud service vendor. Or, in some embodiments, computing devices can include one or more virtual machine(s) running on a physical host computing device (or “host machine”) operated by the organization. As one example, the organization may use one virtual machine as a database server and another virtual machine as a mail server, both virtual machines operating on the same host machine.

A virtual machine includes an operating system and associated virtual resources, and is hosted simultaneously with another operating system on a physical host computer (or host machine). A hypervisor (typically software, and also known in the art as a virtual machine monitor or a virtual machine manager or “VMM”) sits between the virtual machine and the hardware of the physical host machine. One example of hypervisor as virtualization software is ESX Server, by VMware, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif.; other examples include Microsoft Virtual Server and Microsoft Windows Server Hyper-V, both by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and Sun xVM by Oracle America Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif. In some embodiments, the hypervisor may be firmware or hardware or a combination of software and/or firmware and/or hardware.

The hypervisor provides to each virtual operating system virtual resources, such as a virtual processor, virtual memory, a virtual network device, and a virtual disk. Each virtual machine has one or more virtual disks. The hypervisor typically stores the data of virtual disks in files on the file system of the physical host machine, called virtual machine disk files (in the case of VMware virtual servers) or virtual hard disk image files (in the case of Microsoft virtual servers). For example, VMware's ESX Server provides the Virtual Machine File System (VMFS) for the storage of virtual machine disk files. A virtual machine reads data from and writes data to its virtual disk much the same way that an actual physical machine reads data from and writes data to an actual disk.

Examples of techniques for implementing information management techniques in a cloud computing environment are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,681, which is incorporated by reference herein. Examples of techniques for implementing information management techniques in a virtualized computing environment are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,307,177, also incorporated by reference herein.

The information management system 100 can also include a variety of storage devices, including primary storage devices 104 and secondary storage devices 108, for example. Storage devices can generally be of any suitable type including, without limitation, disk drives, hard-disk arrays, semiconductor memory (e.g., solid state storage devices), network attached storage (NAS) devices, tape libraries or other magnetic, non-tape storage devices, optical media storage devices, DNA/RNA-based memory technology, combinations of the same, and the like. In some embodiments, storage devices can form part of a distributed file system. In some cases, storage devices are provided in a cloud (e.g., a private cloud or one operated by a third-party vendor). A storage device in some cases comprises a disk array or portion thereof.

The illustrated information management system 100 includes one or more client computing device 102 having at least one application 110 executing thereon, and one or more primary storage devices 104 storing primary data 112. The client computing device(s) 102 and the primary storage devices 104 may generally be referred to in some cases as a primary storage subsystem 117. A computing device in an information management system 100 that has a data agent 142 installed and operating on it is generally referred to as a client computing device 102 (or, in the context of a component of the information management system 100 simply as a “client”).

Depending on the context, the term “information management system” can refer to generally all of the illustrated hardware and software components. Or, in other instances, the term may refer to only a subset of the illustrated components.

For instance, in some cases, the information management system 100 generally refers to a combination of specialized components used to protect, move, manage, manipulate, analyze, and/or process data and metadata generated by the client computing devices 102. However, the information management system 100 in some cases does not include the underlying components that generate and/or store the primary data 112, such as the client computing devices 102 themselves, the applications 110 and operating system operating on the client computing devices 102, and the primary storage devices 104. As an example, “information management system” may sometimes refer to one or more of the following components and corresponding data structures: storage managers, data agents, and media agents. These components will be described in further detail below.

Client Computing Devices

There are typically a variety of sources in an organization that produce data to be protected and managed. As just one illustrative example, in a corporate environment such data sources can be employee workstations and company servers such as a mail server, a web server, a database server, a transaction server, or the like. In the information management system 100, the data generation sources include the one or more client computing devices 102.

The client computing devices 102 may include any of the types of computing devices described above, without limitation, and in some cases the client computing devices 102 are associated with one or more users and/or corresponding user accounts, of employees or other individuals.

The information management system 100 generally addresses and handles the data management and protection needs for the data generated by the client computing devices 102. However, the use of this term does not imply that the client computing devices 102 cannot be “servers” in other respects. For instance, a particular client computing device 102 may act as a server with respect to other devices, such as other client computing devices 102. As just a few examples, the client computing devices 102 can include mail servers, file servers, database servers, and web servers.

Each client computing device 102 may have one or more applications 110 (e.g., software applications) executing thereon which generate and manipulate the data that is to be protected from loss and managed. The applications 110 generally facilitate the operations of an organization (or multiple affiliated organizations), and can include, without limitation, mail server applications (e.g., Microsoft Exchange Server), file server applications, mail client applications (e.g., Microsoft Exchange Client), database applications (e.g., SQL, Oracle, SAP, Lotus Notes Database), word processing applications (e.g., Microsoft Word), spreadsheet applications, financial applications, presentation applications, graphics and/or video applications, browser applications, mobile applications, entertainment applications, and so on.

The client computing devices 102 can have at least one operating system (e.g., Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, iOS, IBM z/OS, Linux, other Unix-based operating systems, etc.) installed thereon, which may support or host one or more file systems and other applications 110.

The client computing devices 102 and other components in information management system 100 can be connected to one another via one or more communication pathways 114. For example, a first communication pathway 114 may connect (or communicatively couple) client computing device 102 and secondary storage computing device 106; a second communication pathway 114 may connect storage manager 140 and client computing device 102; and a third communication pathway 114 may connect storage manager 140 and secondary storage computing device 106, etc. (see, e.g., FIG. 1A and FIG. 1C). The communication pathways 114 can include one or more networks or other connection types including one or more of the following, without limitation: the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a Storage Area Network (SAN), a Fibre Channel connection, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) connection, a virtual private network (VPN), a token ring or TCP/IP based network, an intranet network, a point-to-point link, a cellular network, a wireless data transmission system, a two-way cable system, an interactive kiosk network, a satellite network, a broadband network, a baseband network, a neural network, a mesh network, an ad hoc network, other appropriate wired, wireless, or partially wired/wireless computer or telecommunications networks, combinations of the same or the like. The communication pathways 114 in some cases may also include application programming interfaces (APIs) including, e.g., cloud service provider APIs, virtual machine management APIs, and hosted service provider APIs. The underlying infrastructure of communication paths 114 may be wired and/or wireless, analog and/or digital, or any combination thereof; and the facilities used may be private, public, third-party provided, or any combination thereof, without limitation.

Primary Data and Exemplary Primary Storage Devices

Primary data 112 according to some embodiments is production data or other “live” data generated by the operating system and/or applications 110 operating on a client computing device 102. The primary data 112 is generally stored on the primary storage device(s) 104 and is organized via a file system supported by the client computing device 102. For instance, the client computing device(s) 102 and corresponding applications 110 may create, access, modify, write, delete, and otherwise use primary data 112. In some cases, some or all of the primary data 112 can be stored in cloud storage resources (e.g., primary storage device 104 may be a cloud-based resource).

Primary data 112 is generally in the native format of the source application 110. According to certain aspects, primary data 112 is an initial or first (e.g., created before any other copies or before at least one other copy) stored copy of data generated by the source application 110. Primary data 112 in some cases is created substantially directly from data generated by the corresponding source applications 110.

The primary storage devices 104 storing the primary data 112 may be relatively fast and/or expensive technology (e.g., a disk drive, a hard-disk array, solid state memory, etc.). In addition, primary data 112 may be highly changeable and/or may be intended for relatively short term retention (e.g., hours, days, or weeks).

According to some embodiments, the client computing device 102 can access primary data 112 from the primary storage device 104 by making conventional file system calls via the operating system. Primary data 112 may include structured data (e.g., database files), unstructured data (e.g., documents), and/or semi-structured data. Some specific examples are described below with respect to FIG. 1B.

It can be useful in performing certain tasks to organize the primary data 112 into units of different granularities. In general, primary data 112 can include files, directories, file system volumes, data blocks, extents, or any other hierarchies or organizations of data objects. As used herein, a “data object” can refer to both (1) any file that is currently addressable by a file system or that was previously addressable by the file system (e.g., an archive file) and (2) a subset of such a file (e.g., a data block).

As will be described in further detail, it can also be useful in performing certain functions of the information management system 100 to access and modify metadata within the primary data 112. Metadata generally includes information about data objects or characteristics associated with the data objects. For simplicity herein, it is to be understood that, unless expressly stated otherwise, any reference to primary data 112 generally also includes its associated metadata, but references to the metadata do not include the primary data.

Metadata can include, without limitation, one or more of the following: the data owner (e.g., the client or user that generates the data), the last modified time (e.g., the time of the most recent modification of the data object), a data object name (e.g., a file name), a data object size (e.g., a number of bytes of data), information about the content (e.g., an indication as to the existence of a particular search term), user-supplied tags, to/from information for email (e.g., an email sender, recipient, etc.), creation date, file type (e.g., format or application type), last accessed time, application type (e.g., type of application that generated the data object), location/network (e.g., a current, past or future location of the data object and network pathways to/from the data object), geographic location (e.g., GPS coordinates), frequency of change (e.g., a period in which the data object is modified), business unit (e.g., a group or department that generates, manages or is otherwise associated with the data object), aging information (e.g., a schedule, such as a time period, in which the data object is migrated to secondary or long term storage), boot sectors, partition layouts, file location within a file folder directory structure, user permissions, owners, groups, access control lists [ACLs]), system metadata (e.g., registry information), combinations of the same or other similar information related to the data object.

In addition to metadata generated by or related to file systems and operating systems, some of the applications 110 and/or other components of the information management system 100 maintain indices of metadata for data objects, e.g., metadata associated with individual email messages. Thus, each data object may be associated with corresponding metadata. The use of metadata to perform classification and other functions is described in greater detail below.

Each of the client computing devices 102 are generally associated with and/or in communication with one or more of the primary storage devices 104 storing corresponding primary data 112. A client computing device 102 may be considered to be “associated with” or “in communication with” a primary storage device 104 if it is capable of one or more of: routing and/or storing data (e.g., primary data 112) to the particular primary storage device 104, coordinating the routing and/or storing of data to the particular primary storage device 104, retrieving data from the particular primary storage device 104, coordinating the retrieval of data from the particular primary storage device 104, and modifying and/or deleting data retrieved from the particular primary storage device 104.

The primary storage devices 104 can include any of the different types of storage devices described above, or some other kind of suitable storage device. The primary storage devices 104 may have relatively fast I/O times and/or are relatively expensive in comparison to the secondary storage devices 108. For example, the information management system 100 may generally regularly access data and metadata stored on primary storage devices 104, whereas data and metadata stored on the secondary storage devices 108 is accessed relatively less frequently.

Primary storage device 104 may be dedicated or shared. In some cases, each primary storage device 104 is dedicated to an associated client computing device 102. For instance, a primary storage device 104 in one embodiment is a local disk drive of a corresponding client computing device 102. In other cases, one or more primary storage devices 104 can be shared by multiple client computing devices 102, e.g., via a network such as in a cloud storage implementation. As one example, a primary storage device 104 can be a disk array shared by a group of client computing devices 102, such as one of the following types of disk arrays: EMC Clariion, EMC Symmetrix, EMC Celerra, Dell EqualLogic, IBM XIV, NetApp FAS, HP EVA, and HP 3PAR.

The information management system 100 may also include hosted services (not shown), which may be hosted in some cases by an entity other than the organization that employs the other components of the information management system 100. For instance, the hosted services may be provided by various online service providers to the organization. Such service providers can provide services including social networking services, hosted email services, or hosted productivity applications or other hosted applications). Hosted services may include software-as-a-service (SaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), application service providers (ASPs), cloud services, or other mechanisms for delivering functionality via a network. As it provides services to users, each hosted service may generate additional data and metadata under management of the information management system 100, e.g., as primary data 112. In some cases, the hosted services may be accessed using one of the applications 110. As an example, a hosted mail service may be accessed via browser running on a client computing device 102. The hosted services may be implemented in a variety of computing environments. In some cases, they are implemented in an environment having a similar arrangement to the information management system 100, where various physical and logical components are distributed over a network.

Secondary Copies and Exemplary Secondary Storage Devices

The primary data 112 stored on the primary storage devices 104 may be compromised in some cases, such as when an employee deliberately or accidentally deletes or overwrites primary data 112 during their normal course of work. Or the primary storage devices 104 can be damaged, lost, or otherwise corrupted. For recovery and/or regulatory compliance purposes, it is therefore useful to generate copies of the primary data 112. Accordingly, the information management system 100 includes one or more secondary storage computing devices 106 and one or more secondary storage devices 108 configured to create and store one or more secondary copies 116 of the primary data 112 and associated metadata. The secondary storage computing devices 106 and the secondary storage devices 108 may sometimes be referred to as a secondary storage subsystem 118.

Creation of secondary copies 116 can help in search and analysis efforts and meet other information management goals, such as: restoring data and/or metadata if an original version (e.g., of primary data 112) is lost (e.g., by deletion, corruption, or disaster); allowing point-in-time recovery; complying with regulatory data retention and electronic discovery (e-discovery) requirements; reducing utilized storage capacity; facilitating organization and search of data; improving user access to data files across multiple computing devices and/or hosted services; and implementing data retention policies.

The client computing devices 102 access or receive primary data 112 and communicate the data, e.g., over one or more communication pathways 114, for storage in the secondary storage device(s) 108.

A secondary copy 116 can comprise a separate stored copy of application data that is derived from one or more earlier-created, stored copies (e.g., derived from primary data 112 or another secondary copy 116). Secondary copies 116 can include point-in-time data, and may be intended for relatively long-term retention (e.g., weeks, months or years), before some or all of the data is moved to other storage or is discarded.

In some cases, a secondary copy 116 is a copy of application data created and stored subsequent to at least one other stored instance (e.g., subsequent to corresponding primary data 112 or to another secondary copy 116), in a different storage device than at least one previous stored copy, and/or remotely from at least one previous stored copy. In some other cases, secondary copies can be stored in the same storage device as primary data 112 and/or other previously stored copies. For example, in one embodiment a disk array capable of performing hardware snapshots stores primary data 112 and creates and stores hardware snapshots of the primary data 112 as secondary copies 116. Secondary copies 116 may be stored in relatively slow and/or low cost storage (e.g., magnetic tape). A secondary copy 116 may be stored in a backup or archive format, or in some other format different than the native source application format or other primary data format.

In some cases, secondary copies 116 are indexed so users can browse and restore at another point in time. After creation of a secondary copy 116 representative of certain primary data 112, a pointer or other location indicia (e.g., a stub) may be placed in primary data 112, or be otherwise associated with primary data 112 to indicate the current location on the secondary storage device(s) 108 of secondary copy 116.

Since an instance of a data object or metadata in primary data 112 may change over time as it is modified by an application 110 (or hosted service or the operating system), the information management system 100 may create and manage multiple secondary copies 116 of a particular data object or metadata, each representing the state of the data object in primary data 112 at a particular point in time. Moreover, since an instance of a data object in primary data 112 may eventually be deleted from the primary storage device 104 and the file system, the information management system 100 may continue to manage point-in-time representations of that data object, even though the instance in primary data 112 no longer exists.

For virtualized computing devices the operating system and other applications 110 of the client computing device(s) 102 may execute within or under the management of virtualization software (e.g., a VMM), and the primary storage device(s) 104 may comprise a virtual disk created on a physical storage device. The information management system 100 may create secondary copies 116 of the files or other data objects in a virtual disk file and/or secondary copies 116 of the entire virtual disk file itself (e.g., of an entire .vmdk file).

Secondary copies 116 may be distinguished from corresponding primary data 112 in a variety of ways, some of which will now be described. First, as discussed, secondary copies 116 can be stored in a different format (e.g., backup, archive, or other non-native format) than primary data 112. For this or other reasons, secondary copies 116 may not be directly useable by the applications 110 of the client computing device 102, e.g., via standard system calls or otherwise without modification, processing, or other intervention by the information management system 100.

Secondary copies 116 are also in some embodiments stored on a secondary storage device 108 that is inaccessible to the applications 110 running on the client computing devices 102 (and/or hosted services). Some secondary copies 116 may be “offline copies,” in that they are not readily available (e.g., not mounted to tape or disk). Offline copies can include copies of data that the information management system 100 can access without human intervention (e.g., tapes within an automated tape library, but not yet mounted in a drive), and copies that the information management system 100 can access only with at least some human intervention (e.g., tapes located at an offsite storage site).

The Use of Intermediate Devices for Creating Secondary Copies

Creating secondary copies can be a challenging task. For instance, there can be hundreds or thousands of client computing devices 102 continually generating large volumes of primary data 112 to be protected. Also, there can be significant overhead involved in the creation of secondary copies 116. Moreover, secondary storage devices 108 may be special purpose components, and interacting with them can require specialized intelligence.

In some cases, the client computing devices 102 interact directly with the secondary storage device 108 to create the secondary copies 116. However, in view of the factors described above, this approach can negatively impact the ability of the client computing devices 102 to serve the applications 110 and produce primary data 112. Further, the client computing devices 102 may not be optimized for interaction with the secondary storage devices 108.

Thus, in some embodiments, the information management system 100 includes one or more software and/or hardware components which generally act as intermediaries between the client computing devices 102 and the secondary storage devices 108. In addition to off-loading certain responsibilities from the client computing devices 102, these intermediate components can provide other benefits. For instance, as discussed further below with respect to FIG. 1D, distributing some of the work involved in creating secondary copies 116 can enhance scalability.

The intermediate components can include one or more secondary storage computing devices 106 as shown in FIG. 1A and/or one or more media agents, which can be software modules operating on corresponding secondary storage computing devices 106 (or other appropriate computing devices). Media agents are discussed below (e.g., with respect to FIGS. 1C-1E).

The secondary storage computing device(s) 106 can comprise any of the computing devices described above, without limitation. In some cases, the secondary storage computing device(s) 106 include specialized hardware and/or software componentry for interacting with the secondary storage devices 108.

To create a secondary copy 116 involving the copying of data from the primary storage subsystem 117 to the secondary storage subsystem 118, the client computing device 102 in some embodiments communicates the primary data 112 to be copied (or a processed version thereof) to the designated secondary storage computing device 106, via the communication pathway 114. The secondary storage computing device 106 in turn conveys the received data (or a processed version thereof) to the secondary storage device 108. In some such configurations, the communication pathway 114 between the client computing device 102 and the secondary storage computing device 106 comprises a portion of a LAN, WAN or SAN. In other cases, at least some client computing devices 102 communicate directly with the secondary storage devices 108 (e.g., via Fibre Channel or SCSI connections). In some other cases, one or more secondary copies 116 are created from existing secondary copies, such as in the case of an auxiliary copy operation, described in greater detail below.

Exemplary Primary Data and an Exemplary Secondary Copy

FIG. 1B is a detailed view showing some specific examples of primary data stored on the primary storage device(s) 104 and secondary copy data stored on the secondary storage device(s) 108, with other components in the system removed for the purposes of illustration. Stored on the primary storage device(s) 104 are primary data objects including word processing documents 119A-B, spreadsheets 120, presentation documents 122, video files 124, image files 126, email mailboxes 128 (and corresponding email messages 129A-C), html/xml or other types of markup language files 130, databases 132 and corresponding tables or other data structures 133A-133C).

Some or all primary data objects are associated with corresponding metadata (e.g., “Meta1-11”), which may include file system metadata and/or application specific metadata. Stored on the secondary storage device(s) 108 are secondary copy data objects 134A-C which may include copies of or otherwise represent corresponding primary data objects and metadata.

As shown, the secondary copy data objects 134A-C can individually represent more than one primary data object. For example, secondary copy data object 134A represents three separate primary data objects 133C, 122, and 129C (represented as 133C′, 122′, and 129C′, respectively, and accompanied by the corresponding metadata Meta11, Meta3, and Meta8, respectively). Moreover, as indicated by the prime mark (′), a secondary copy object may store a representation of a primary data object and/or metadata differently than the original format, e.g., in a compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, or other modified format. Likewise, secondary data object 134B represents primary data objects 120, 133B, and 119A as 120′, 133B′, and 119A′, respectively and accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta2, Meta10, and Meta1, respectively. Also, secondary data object 134C represents primary data objects 133A, 119B, and 129A as 133A′, 119B′, and 129A′, respectively, accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta9, Meta5, and Meta6, respectively.

Exemplary Information Management System Architecture

The information management system 100 can incorporate a variety of different hardware and software components, which can in turn be organized with respect to one another in many different configurations, depending on the embodiment. There are critical design choices involved in specifying the functional responsibilities of the components and the role of each component in the information management system 100. For instance, as will be discussed, such design choices can impact performance as well as the adaptability of the information management system 100 to data growth or other changing circumstances.

FIG. 1C shows an information management system 100 designed according to these considerations and which includes: storage manager 140, a centralized storage and/or information manager that is configured to perform certain control functions, one or more data agents 142 executing on the client computing device(s) 102 configured to process primary data 112, and one or more media agents 144 executing on the one or more secondary storage computing devices 106 for performing tasks involving the secondary storage devices 108. While distributing functionality amongst multiple computing devices can have certain advantages, in other contexts it can be beneficial to consolidate functionality on the same computing device. As such, in various other embodiments, one or more of the components shown in FIG. 1C as being implemented on separate computing devices are implemented on the same computing device. In one configuration, a storage manager 140, one or more data agents 142, and one or more media agents 144 are all implemented on the same computing device. In another embodiment, one or more data agents 142 and one or more media agents 144 are implemented on the same computing device, while the storage manager 140 is implemented on a separate computing device, etc. without limitation.

Storage Manager

As noted, the number of components in the information management system 100 and the amount of data under management can be quite large. Managing the components and data is therefore a significant task, and a task that can grow in an often unpredictable fashion as the quantity of components and data scale to meet the needs of the organization. For these and other reasons, according to certain embodiments, responsibility for controlling the information management system 100, or at least a significant portion of that responsibility, is allocated to the storage manager 140. By distributing control functionality in this manner, the storage manager 140 can be adapted independently according to changing circumstances. Moreover, a computing device for hosting the storage manager 140 can be selected to best suit the functions of the storage manager 140. These and other advantages are described in further detail below with respect to FIG. 1D.

The storage manager 140 may be a software module or other application, which, in some embodiments operates in conjunction with one or more associated data structures, e.g., a dedicated database (e.g., management database 146). In some embodiments, storage manager 140 is a computing device comprising circuitry for executing computer instructions and performs the functions described herein. The storage manager generally initiates, performs, coordinates and/or controls storage and other information management operations performed by the information management system 100, e.g., to protect and control the primary data 112 and secondary copies 116 of data and metadata. In general, storage manager 100 may be said to manage information management system 100, which includes managing the constituent components, e.g., data agents and media agents, etc.

As shown by the dashed arrowed lines 114 in FIG. 1C, the storage manager 140 may communicate with and/or control some or all elements of the information management system 100, such as the data agents 142 and media agents 144. Thus, in certain embodiments, control information originates from the storage manager 140 and status reporting is transmitted to storage manager 140 by the various managed components, whereas payload data and payload metadata is generally communicated between the data agents 142 and the media agents 144 (or otherwise between the client computing device(s) 102 and the secondary storage computing device(s) 106), e.g., at the direction of and under the management of the storage manager 140. Control information can generally include parameters and instructions for carrying out information management operations, such as, without limitation, instructions to perform a task associated with an operation, timing information specifying when to initiate a task associated with an operation, data path information specifying what components to communicate with or access in carrying out an operation, and the like. Payload data, on the other hand, can include the actual data involved in the storage operation, such as content data written to a secondary storage device 108 in a secondary copy operation. Payload metadata can include any of the types of metadata described herein, and may be written to a storage device along with the payload content data (e.g., in the form of a header).

In other embodiments, some information management operations are controlled by other components in the information management system 100 (e.g., the media agent(s) 144 or data agent(s) 142), instead of or in combination with the storage manager 140.

According to certain embodiments, the storage manager 140 provides one or more of the following functions:

-   -   initiating execution of secondary copy operations;     -   managing secondary storage devices 108 and inventory/capacity of         the same;     -   reporting, searching, and/or classification of data in the         information management system 100;     -   allocating secondary storage devices 108 for secondary storage         operations;     -   monitoring completion of and providing status reporting related         to secondary storage operations;     -   tracking age information relating to secondary copies 116,         secondary storage devices 108, and comparing the age information         against retention guidelines;     -   tracking movement of data within the information management         system 100;     -   tracking logical associations between components in the         information management system 100;     -   protecting metadata associated with the information management         system 100; and     -   implementing operations management functionality.

The storage manager 140 may maintain a database 146 (or “storage manager database 146” or “management database 146”) of management-related data and information management policies 148. The database 146 may include a management index 150 (or “index 150”) or other data structure that stores logical associations between components of the system, user preferences and/or profiles (e.g., preferences regarding encryption, compression, or deduplication of primary or secondary copy data, preferences regarding the scheduling, type, or other aspects of primary or secondary copy or other operations, mappings of particular information management users or user accounts to certain computing devices or other components, etc.), management tasks, media containerization, or other useful data. For example, the storage manager 140 may use the index 150 to track logical associations between media agents 144 and secondary storage devices 108 and/or movement of data from primary storage devices 104 to secondary storage devices 108. For instance, the index 150 may store data associating a client computing device 102 with a particular media agent 144 and/or secondary storage device 108, as specified in an information management policy 148 (e.g., a storage policy, which is defined in more detail below).

Administrators and other people may be able to configure and initiate certain information management operations on an individual basis. But while this may be acceptable for some recovery operations or other relatively less frequent tasks, it is often not workable for implementing on-going organization-wide data protection and management. Thus, the information management system 100 may utilize information management policies 148 for specifying and executing information management operations (e.g., on an automated basis). Generally, an information management policy 148 can include a data structure or other information source that specifies a set of parameters (e.g., criteria and rules) associated with storage or other information management operations.

The storage manager database 146 may maintain the information management policies 148 and associated data, although the information management policies 148 can be stored in any appropriate location. For instance, an information management policy 148 such as a storage policy may be stored as metadata in a media agent database 152 or in a secondary storage device 108 (e.g., as an archive copy) for use in restore operations or other information management operations, depending on the embodiment. Information management policies 148 are described further below.

According to certain embodiments, the storage manager database 146 comprises a relational database (e.g., an SQL database) for tracking metadata, such as metadata associated with secondary copy operations (e.g., what client computing devices 102 and corresponding data were protected). This and other metadata may additionally be stored in other locations, such as at the secondary storage computing devices 106 or on the secondary storage devices 108, allowing data recovery without the use of the storage manager 140 in some cases.

As shown, the storage manager 140 may include a jobs agent 156, a user interface 158, and a management agent 154, all of which may be implemented as interconnected software modules or application programs.

The jobs agent 156 in some embodiments initiates, controls, and/or monitors the status of some or all storage or other information management operations previously performed, currently being performed, or scheduled to be performed by the information management system 100. For instance, the jobs agent 156 may access information management policies 148 to determine when and how to initiate and control secondary copy and other information management operations, as will be discussed further.

The user interface 158 may include information processing and display software, such as a graphical user interface (“GUI”), an application program interface (“API”), or other interactive interface(s) through which users and system processes can retrieve information about the status of information management operations (e.g., storage operations) or issue instructions to the information management system 100 and its constituent components. Via the user interface 158, users may optionally issue instructions to the components in the information management system 100 regarding performance of storage and recovery operations. For example, a user may modify a schedule concerning the number of pending secondary copy operations. As another example, a user may employ the GUI to view the status of pending storage operations or to monitor the status of certain components in the information management system 100 (e.g., the amount of capacity left in a storage device).

An “information management cell” (or “storage operation cell” or “cell”) may generally include a logical and/or physical grouping of a combination of hardware and software components associated with performing information management operations on electronic data, typically one storage manager 140 and at least one client computing device 102 (comprising data agent(s) 142) and at least one media agent 144. For instance, the components shown in FIG. 1C may together form an information management cell. Multiple cells may be organized hierarchically. With this configuration, cells may inherit properties from hierarchically superior cells or be controlled by other cells in the hierarchy (automatically or otherwise). Alternatively, in some embodiments, cells may inherit or otherwise be associated with information management policies, preferences, information management metrics, or other properties or characteristics according to their relative position in a hierarchy of cells. Cells may also be delineated and/or organized hierarchically according to function, geography, architectural considerations, or other factors useful or desirable in performing information management operations. A first cell may represent a geographic segment of an enterprise, such as a Chicago office, and a second cell may represent a different geographic segment, such as a New York office. Other cells may represent departments within a particular office. Where delineated by function, a first cell may perform one or more first types of information management operations (e.g., one or more first types of secondary or other copies), and a second cell may perform one or more second types of information management operations (e.g., one or more second types of secondary or other copies).

The storage manager 140 may also track information that permits it to select, designate, or otherwise identify content indices, deduplication databases, or similar databases or resources or data sets within its information management cell (or another cell) to be searched in response to certain queries. Such queries may be entered by the user via interaction with the user interface 158. In general, the management agent 154 allows multiple information management cells to communicate with one another. For example, the information management system 100 in some cases may be one information management cell of a network of multiple cells adjacent to one another or otherwise logically related in a WAN or LAN. With this arrangement, the cells may be connected to one another through respective management agents 154.

For instance, the management agent 154 can provide the storage manager 140 with the ability to communicate with other components within the information management system 100 (and/or other cells within a larger information management system) via network protocols and application programming interfaces (“APIs”) including, e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, REST, virtualization software APIs, cloud service provider APIs, and hosted service provider APIs. Inter-cell communication and hierarchy is described in greater detail in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,747,579 and 7,343,453, which are incorporated by reference herein.

Data Agents

As discussed, a variety of different types of applications 110 can operate on a given client computing device 102, including operating systems, database applications, e-mail applications, and virtual machines, just to name a few. And, as part of the process of creating and restoring secondary copies 116, the client computing devices 102 may be tasked with processing and preparing the primary data 112 from these various different applications 110. Moreover, the nature of the processing/preparation can differ across clients and application types, e.g., due to inherent structural and formatting differences among applications 110.

The one or more data agent(s) 142 are therefore advantageously configured in some embodiments to assist in the performance of information management operations based on the type of data that is being protected, at a client-specific and/or application-specific level.

The data agent 142 may be a software module or component that is generally responsible for managing, initiating, or otherwise assisting in the performance of information management operations in information management system 100, generally as directed by storage manager 140. For instance, the data agent 142 may take part in performing data storage operations such as the copying, archiving, migrating, and/or replicating of primary data 112 stored in the primary storage device(s) 104. The data agent 142 may receive control information from the storage manager 140, such as commands to transfer copies of data objects, metadata, and other payload data to the media agents 144.

In some embodiments, a data agent 142 may be distributed between the client computing device 102 and storage manager 140 (and any other intermediate components) or may be deployed from a remote location or its functions approximated by a remote process that performs some or all of the functions of data agent 142. In addition, a data agent 142 may perform some functions provided by a media agent 144, or may perform other functions such as encryption and deduplication.

As indicated, each data agent 142 may be specialized for a particular application 110, and the system can employ multiple application-specific data agents 142, each of which may perform information management operations (e.g., perform backup, migration, and data recovery) associated with a different application 110. For instance, different individual data agents 142 may be designed to handle Microsoft Exchange data, Lotus Notes data, Microsoft Windows file system data, Microsoft Active Directory Objects data, SQL Server data, SharePoint data, Oracle database data, SAP database data, virtual machines and/or associated data, and other types of data.

A file system data agent, for example, may handle data files and/or other file system information. If a client computing device 102 has two or more types of data, a specialized data agent 142 may be used for each data type to copy, archive, migrate, and restore the client computing device 102 data. For example, to backup, migrate, and/or restore all of the data on a Microsoft Exchange server, the client computing device 102 may use a Microsoft Exchange Mailbox data agent 142 to back up the Exchange mailboxes, a Microsoft Exchange Database data agent 142 to back up the Exchange databases, a Microsoft Exchange Public Folder data agent 142 to back up the Exchange Public Folders, and a Microsoft Windows File System data agent 142 to back up the file system of the client computing device 102. In such embodiments, these specialized data agents 142 may be treated as four separate data agents 142 even though they operate on the same client computing device 102.

Other embodiments may employ one or more generic data agents 142 that can handle and process data from two or more different applications 110, or that can handle and process multiple data types, instead of or in addition to using specialized data agents 142. For example, one generic data agent 142 may be used to back up, migrate and restore Microsoft Exchange Mailbox data and Microsoft Exchange Database data while another generic data agent may handle Microsoft Exchange Public Folder data and Microsoft Windows File System data.

Each data agent 142 may be configured to access data and/or metadata stored in the primary storage device(s) 104 associated with the data agent 142 and process the data as appropriate. For example, during a secondary copy operation, the data agent 142 may arrange or assemble the data and metadata into one or more files having a certain format (e.g., a particular backup or archive format) before transferring the file(s) to a media agent 144 or other component. The file(s) may include a list of files or other metadata. Each data agent 142 can also assist in restoring data or metadata to primary storage devices 104 from a secondary copy 116. For instance, the data agent 142 may operate in conjunction with the storage manager 140 and one or more of the media agents 144 to restore data from secondary storage device(s) 108.

Media Agents

As indicated above with respect to FIG. 1A, off-loading certain responsibilities from the client computing devices 102 to intermediate components such as the media agent(s) 144 can provide a number of benefits including improved client computing device 102 operation, faster secondary copy operation performance, and enhanced scalability. In one specific example which will be discussed below in further detail, the media agent 144 can act as a local cache of copied data and/or metadata that it has stored to the secondary storage device(s) 108, providing improved restore capabilities.

Generally speaking, a media agent 144 may be implemented as a software module that manages, coordinates, and facilitates the transmission of data, as directed by the storage manager 140, between a client computing device 102 and one or more secondary storage devices 108. Whereas the storage manager 140 controls the operation of the information management system 100, the media agent 144 generally provides a portal to secondary storage devices 108. For instance, other components in the system interact with the media agents 144 to gain access to data stored on the secondary storage devices 108, whether it be for the purposes of reading, writing, modifying, or deleting data. Moreover, as will be described further, media agents 144 can generate and store information relating to characteristics of the stored data and/or metadata, or can generate and store other types of information that generally provides insight into the contents of the secondary storage devices 108.

Media agents 144 can comprise separate nodes in the information management system 100 (e.g., nodes that are separate from the client computing devices 102, storage manager 140, and/or secondary storage devices 108). In general, a node within the information management system 100 can be a logically and/or physically separate component, and in some cases is a component that is individually addressable or otherwise identifiable. In addition, each media agent 144 may operate on a dedicated secondary storage computing device 106 in some cases, while in other embodiments a plurality of media agents 144 operate on the same secondary storage computing device 106.

A media agent 144 (and corresponding media agent database 152) may be considered to be “associated with” a particular secondary storage device 108 if that media agent 144 is capable of one or more of: routing and/or storing data to the particular secondary storage device 108, coordinating the routing and/or storing of data to the particular secondary storage device 108, retrieving data from the particular secondary storage device 108, coordinating the retrieval of data from a particular secondary storage device 108, and modifying and/or deleting data retrieved from the particular secondary storage device 108.

While media agent(s) 144 are generally associated with one or more secondary storage devices 108, one or more media agents 144 in certain embodiments are physically separate from the secondary storage devices 108. For instance, the media agents 144 may operate on secondary storage computing devices 106 having different housings or packages than the secondary storage devices 108. In one example, a media agent 144 operates on a first server computer and is in communication with a secondary storage device(s) 108 operating in a separate, rack-mounted RAID-based system.

Where the information management system 100 includes multiple media agents 144 (see, e.g., FIG. 1D), a first media agent 144 may provide failover functionality for a second, failed media agent 144. In addition, media agents 144 can be dynamically selected for storage operations to provide load balancing. Failover and load balancing are described in greater detail below.

In operation, a media agent 144 associated with a particular secondary storage device 108 may instruct the secondary storage device 108 to perform an information management operation. For instance, a media agent 144 may instruct a tape library to use a robotic arm or other retrieval means to load or eject a certain storage media, and to subsequently archive, migrate, or retrieve data to or from that media, e.g., for the purpose of restoring the data to a client computing device 102. As another example, a secondary storage device 108 may include an array of hard disk drives or solid state drives organized in a RAID configuration, and the media agent 144 may forward a logical unit number (LUN) and other appropriate information to the array, which uses the received information to execute the desired storage operation. The media agent 144 may communicate with a secondary storage device 108 via a suitable communications link, such as a SCSI or Fiber Channel link.

As shown, each media agent 144 may maintain an associated media agent database 152. The media agent database 152 may be stored in a disk or other storage device (not shown) that is local to the secondary storage computing device 106 on which the media agent 144 operates. In other cases, the media agent database 152 is stored remotely from the secondary storage computing device 106.

The media agent database 152 can include, among other things, an index 153 (see, e.g., FIG. 1C), which comprises information generated during secondary copy operations and other storage or information management operations. The index 153 provides a media agent 144 or other component with a fast and efficient mechanism for locating secondary copies 116 or other data stored in the secondary storage devices 108. In some cases, the index 153 does not form a part of and is instead separate from the media agent database 152.

A media agent index 153 or other data structure associated with the particular media agent 144 may include information about the stored data. For instance, for each secondary copy 116, the index 153 may include metadata such as a list of the data objects (e.g., files/subdirectories, database objects, mailbox objects, etc.), a path to the secondary copy 116 on the corresponding secondary storage device 108, location information indicating where the data objects are stored in the secondary storage device 108, when the data objects were created or modified, etc. Thus, the index 153 includes metadata associated with the secondary copies 116 that is readily available for use without having to be first retrieved from the secondary storage device 108. In yet further embodiments, some or all of the information in index 153 may instead or additionally be stored along with the secondary copies of data in a secondary storage device 108. In some embodiments, the secondary storage devices 108 can include sufficient information to perform a “bare metal restore”, where the operating system of a failed client computing device 102 or other restore target is automatically rebuilt as part of a restore operation.

Because the index 153 maintained in the media agent database 152 may operate as a cache, it can also be referred to as “an index cache.” In such cases, information stored in the index cache 153 typically comprises data that reflects certain particulars about storage operations that have occurred relatively recently. After some triggering event, such as after a certain period of time elapses, or the index cache 153 reaches a particular size, the index cache 153 may be copied or migrated to a secondary storage device(s) 108. This information may need to be retrieved and uploaded back into the index cache 153 or otherwise restored to a media agent 144 to facilitate retrieval of data from the secondary storage device(s) 108. In some embodiments, the cached information may include format or containerization information related to archives or other files stored on the storage device(s) 108. In this manner, the index cache 153 allows for accelerated restores.

In some alternative embodiments the media agent 144 generally acts as a coordinator or facilitator of storage operations between client computing devices 102 and corresponding secondary storage devices 108, but does not actually write the data to the secondary storage device 108. For instance, the storage manager 140 (or the media agent 144) may instruct a client computing device 102 and secondary storage device 108 to communicate with one another directly. In such a case the client computing device 102 transmits the data directly or via one or more intermediary components to the secondary storage device 108 according to the received instructions, and vice versa. In some such cases, the media agent 144 may still receive, process, and/or maintain metadata related to the storage operations. Moreover, in these embodiments, the payload data can flow through the media agent 144 for the purposes of populating the index cache 153 maintained in the media agent database 152, but not for writing to the secondary storage device 108.

The media agent 144 and/or other components such as the storage manager 140 may in some cases incorporate additional functionality, such as data classification, content indexing, deduplication, encryption, compression, and the like. Further details regarding these and other functions are described below.

Distributed, Scalable Architecture

As described, certain functions of the information management system 100 can be distributed amongst various physical and/or logical components in the system. For instance, one or more of the storage manager 140, data agents 142, and media agents 144 may operate on computing devices that are physically separate from one another. This architecture can provide a number of benefits.

For instance, hardware and software design choices for each distributed component can be targeted to suit its particular function. The secondary computing devices 106 on which the media agents 144 operate can be tailored for interaction with associated secondary storage devices 108 and provide fast index cache operation, among other specific tasks. Similarly, the client computing device(s) 102 can be selected to effectively service the applications 110 thereon, in order to efficiently produce and store primary data 112.

Moreover, in some cases, one or more of the individual components in the information management system 100 can be distributed to multiple, separate computing devices. As one example, for large file systems where the amount of data stored in the management database 146 is relatively large, the database 146 may be migrated to or otherwise reside on a specialized database server (e.g., an SQL server) separate from a server that implements the other functions of the storage manager 140. This distributed configuration can provide added protection because the database 146 can be protected with standard database utilities (e.g., SQL log shipping or database replication) independent from other functions of the storage manager 140. The database 146 can be efficiently replicated to a remote site for use in the event of a disaster or other data loss at the primary site. Or the database 146 can be replicated to another computing device within the same site, such as to a higher performance machine in the event that a storage manager host device can no longer service the needs of a growing information management system 100.

The distributed architecture also provides both scalability and efficient component utilization. FIG. 1D shows an embodiment of the information management system 100 including a plurality of client computing devices 102 and associated data agents 142 as well as a plurality of secondary storage computing devices 106 and associated media agents 144.

Additional components can be added or subtracted based on the evolving needs of the information management system 100. For instance, depending on where bottlenecks are identified, administrators can add additional client computing devices 102, secondary storage computing devices 106 (and corresponding media agents 144), and/or secondary storage devices 108. Moreover, where multiple fungible components are available, load balancing can be implemented to dynamically address identified bottlenecks. As an example, the storage manager 140 may dynamically select which media agents 144 and/or secondary storage devices 108 to use for storage operations based on a processing load analysis of the media agents 144 and/or secondary storage devices 108, respectively.

Moreover, each client computing device 102 in some embodiments can communicate with, among other components, any of the media agents 144, e.g., as directed by the storage manager 140. And each media agent 144 may be able to communicate with, among other components, any of the secondary storage devices 108, e.g., as directed by the storage manager 140. Thus, operations can be routed to the secondary storage devices 108 in a dynamic and highly flexible manner, to provide load balancing, failover, and the like. Further examples of scalable systems capable of dynamic storage operations, and of systems capable of performing load balancing and fail over are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,207, which is incorporated by reference herein.

In alternative configurations, certain components are not distributed and may instead reside and execute on the same computing device. For example, in some embodiments, one or more data agents 142 and the storage manager 140 operate on the same client computing device 102. In another embodiment, one or more data agents 142 and one or more media agents 144 operate on a single computing device.

Exemplary Types of Information Management Operations

In order to protect and leverage stored data, the information management system 100 can be configured to perform a variety of information management operations. As will be described, these operations can generally include secondary copy and other data movement operations, processing and data manipulation operations, analysis, reporting, and management operations. The operations described herein may be performed on any type of computing device, e.g., between two computers connected via a LAN, to a mobile client telecommunications device connected to a server via a WLAN, to any manner of client computing device coupled to a cloud storage target, etc., without limitation.

Data Movement Operations

Data movement operations according to certain embodiments are generally operations that involve the copying or migration of data (e.g., payload data) between different locations in the information management system 100 in an original/native and/or one or more different formats. For example, data movement operations can include operations in which stored data is copied, migrated, or otherwise transferred from one or more first storage devices to one or more second storage devices, such as from primary storage device(s) 104 to secondary storage device(s) 108, from secondary storage device(s) 108 to different secondary storage device(s) 108, from secondary storage devices 108 to primary storage devices 104, or from primary storage device(s) 104 to different primary storage device(s) 104.

Data movement operations can include by way of example, backup operations, archive operations, information lifecycle management operations such as hierarchical storage management operations, replication operations (e.g., continuous data replication operations), snapshot operations, deduplication or single-instancing operations, auxiliary copy operations, and the like. As will be discussed, some of these operations involve the copying, migration or other movement of data, without actually creating multiple, distinct copies. Nonetheless, some or all of these operations are referred to as “copy” operations for simplicity.

Backup Operations

A backup operation creates a copy of a version of data (e.g., one or more files or other data units) in primary data 112 at a particular point in time. Each subsequent backup copy may be maintained independently of the first. Further, a backup copy in some embodiments is generally stored in a form that is different than the native format, e.g., a backup format. This can be in contrast to the version in primary data 112 from which the backup copy is derived, and which may instead be stored in a native format of the source application(s) 110. In various cases, backup copies can be stored in a format in which the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the original application format. For example, a backup copy may be stored in a backup format that facilitates compression and/or efficient long-term storage.

Backup copies can have relatively long retention periods as compared to primary data 112, and may be stored on media with slower retrieval times than primary data 112 and certain other types of secondary copies 116. On the other hand, backups may have relatively shorter retention periods than some other types of secondary copies 116, such as archive copies (described below). Backups may sometimes be stored at on offsite location.

Backup operations can include full backups, differential backups, incremental backups, “synthetic full” backups, and/or creating a “reference copy.” A full backup (or “standard full backup”) in some embodiments is generally a complete image of the data to be protected. However, because full backup copies can consume a relatively large amount of storage, it can be useful to use a full backup copy as a baseline and only store changes relative to the full backup copy for subsequent backup copies.

For instance, a differential backup operation (or cumulative incremental backup operation) tracks and stores changes that have occurred since the last full backup. Differential backups can grow quickly in size, but can provide relatively efficient restore times because a restore can be completed in some cases using only the full backup copy and the latest differential copy.

An incremental backup operation generally tracks and stores changes since the most recent backup copy of any type, which can greatly reduce storage utilization. In some cases, however, restore times can be relatively long in comparison to full or differential backups because completing a restore operation may involve accessing a full backup in addition to multiple incremental backups.

Synthetic full backups generally consolidate data without directly backing up data from the client computing device. A synthetic full backup is created from the most recent full backup (i.e., standard or synthetic) and subsequent incremental and/or differential backups. The resulting synthetic full backup is identical to what would have been created had the last backup for the subclient been a standard full backup. Unlike standard full, incremental, and differential backups, a synthetic full backup does not actually transfer data from a client computer to the backup media, because it operates as a backup consolidator. A synthetic full backup extracts the index data of each participating subclient. Using this index data and the previously backed up user data images, it builds new full backup images, one for each subclient. The new backup images consolidate the index and user data stored in the related incremental, differential, and previous full backups, in some embodiments creating an archive file at the subclient level.

Any of the above types of backup operations can be at the volume-level, file-level, or block-level. Volume level backup operations generally involve the copying of a data volume (e.g., a logical disk or partition) as a whole. In a file-level backup, the information management system 100 may generally track changes to individual files, and includes copies of files in the backup copy. In the case of a block-level backup, files are broken into constituent blocks, and changes are tracked at the block-level. Upon restore, the information management system 100 reassembles the blocks into files in a transparent fashion.

Far less data may actually be transferred and copied to the secondary storage devices 108 during a file-level copy than a volume-level copy. Likewise, a block-level copy may involve the transfer of less data than a file-level copy, resulting in faster execution times. However, restoring a relatively higher-granularity copy can result in longer restore times. For instance, when restoring a block-level copy, the process of locating constituent blocks can sometimes result in longer restore times as compared to file-level backups. Similar to backup operations, the other types of secondary copy operations described herein can also be implemented at either the volume-level, file-level, or block-level.

For example, in some embodiments, a reference copy may comprise copy(ies) of selected objects from backed up data, typically to help organize data by keeping contextual information from multiple sources together, and/or help retain specific data for a longer period of time, such as for legal hold needs. A reference copy generally maintains data integrity, and when the data is restored, it may be viewed in the same format as the source data. In some embodiments, a reference copy is based on a specialized client, individual subclient and associated information management policies (e.g., storage policy, retention policy, etc.) that are administered within information management system 100.

Archive Operations

Because backup operations generally involve maintaining a version of the copied data in primary data 112 and also maintaining backup copies in secondary storage device(s) 108, they can consume significant storage capacity. To help reduce storage consumption, an archive operation according to certain embodiments creates a secondary copy 116 by both copying and removing source data. Or, seen another way, archive operations can involve moving some or all of the source data to the archive destination. Thus, data satisfying criteria for removal (e.g., data of a threshold age or size) may be removed from source storage. The source data may be primary data 112 or a secondary copy 116, depending on the situation. As with backup copies, archive copies can be stored in a format in which the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the format of the original application or source copy. In addition, archive copies may be retained for relatively long periods of time (e.g., years) and, in some cases, are never deleted. Archive copies are generally retained for longer periods of time than backup copies, for example. In certain embodiments, archive copies may be made and kept for extended periods in order to meet compliance regulations.

Moreover, when primary data 112 is archived, in some cases the corresponding primary data 112 or a portion thereof is deleted when creating the archive copy. Thus, archiving can serve the purpose of freeing up space in the primary storage device(s) 104 and easing the demand on computational resources on client computing device 102. Similarly, when a secondary copy 116 is archived, the secondary copy 116 may be deleted, and an archive copy can therefore serve the purpose of freeing up space in secondary storage device(s) 108. In contrast, source copies often remain intact when creating backup copies. Examples of compatible data archiving operations are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,298, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Snapshot Operations

Snapshot operations can provide a relatively lightweight, efficient mechanism for protecting data. From an end-user viewpoint, a snapshot may be thought of as an “instant” image of the primary data 112 at a given point in time, and may include state and/or status information relative to an application that creates/manages the primary data. In one embodiment, a snapshot may generally capture the directory structure of an object in primary data 112 such as a file or volume or other data set at a particular moment in time and may also preserve file attributes and contents. A snapshot in some cases is created relatively quickly, e.g., substantially instantly, using a minimum amount of file space, but may still function as a conventional file system backup.

A “hardware snapshot” (or “hardware-based snapshot”) operation can be a snapshot operation where a target storage device (e.g., a primary storage device 104 or a secondary storage device 108) performs the snapshot operation in a self-contained fashion, substantially independently, using hardware, firmware and/or software operating on the storage device itself. For instance, the storage device may be capable of performing snapshot operations upon request, generally without intervention or oversight from any of the other components in the information management system 100. In this manner, hardware snapshots can off-load other components of information management system 100 from processing involved in snapshot creation and management.

A “software snapshot” (or “software-based snapshot”) operation, on the other hand, can be a snapshot operation in which one or more other components in information management system 100 (e.g., client computing devices 102, data agents 142, etc.) implement a software layer that manages the snapshot operation via interaction with the target storage device. For instance, the component executing the snapshot management software layer may derive a set of pointers and/or data that represents the snapshot. The snapshot management software layer may then transmit the same to the target storage device, along with appropriate instructions for writing the snapshot.

Some types of snapshots do not actually create another physical copy of all the data as it existed at the particular point in time, but may simply create pointers that are able to map files and directories to specific memory locations (e.g., to specific disk blocks) where the data resides, as it existed at the particular point in time. For example, a snapshot copy may include a set of pointers derived from the file system or from an application. In some other cases, the snapshot may be created at the block-level, such that creation of the snapshot occurs without awareness of the file system. Each pointer points to a respective stored data block, so that collectively, the set of pointers reflect the storage location and state of the data object (e.g., file(s) or volume(s) or data set(s)) at a particular point in time when the snapshot copy was created.

An initial snapshot may use only a small amount of disk space needed to record a mapping or other data structure representing or otherwise tracking the blocks that correspond to the current state of the file system. Additional disk space is usually required only when files and directories are modified later on. Furthermore, when files are modified, typically only the pointers which map to blocks are copied, not the blocks themselves. In some embodiments, for example in the case of “copy-on-write” snapshots, when a block changes in primary storage, the block is copied to secondary storage or cached in primary storage before the block is overwritten in primary storage, and the pointer to that block changed to reflect the new location of that block. The snapshot mapping of file system data may also be updated to reflect the changed block(s) at that particular point in time. In some other cases, a snapshot includes a full physical copy of all or substantially all of the data represented by the snapshot. Further examples of snapshot operations are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,529,782, which is incorporated by reference herein.

A snapshot copy in many cases can be made quickly and without significantly impacting primary computing resources because large amounts of data need not be copied or moved. In some embodiments, a snapshot may exist as a virtual file system, parallel to the actual file system. Users in some cases gain read-only access to the record of files and directories of the snapshot. By electing to restore primary data 112 from a snapshot taken at a given point in time, users may also return the current file system to the state of the file system that existed when the snapshot was taken.

Replication Operations

Another type of secondary copy operation is a replication operation. Some types of secondary copies 116 are used to periodically capture images of primary data 112 at particular points in time (e.g., backups, archives, and snapshots). However, it can also be useful for recovery purposes to protect primary data 112 in a more continuous fashion, by replicating the primary data 112 substantially as changes occur. In some cases a replication copy can be a mirror copy, for instance, where changes made to primary data 112 are mirrored or substantially immediately copied to another location (e.g., to secondary storage device(s) 108). By copying each write operation to the replication copy, two storage systems are kept synchronized or substantially synchronized so that they are virtually identical at approximately the same time. Where entire disk volumes are mirrored, however, mirroring can require significant amount of storage space and utilizes a large amount of processing resources.

According to some embodiments storage operations are performed on replicated data that represents a recoverable state, or “known good state” of a particular application running on the source system. For instance, in certain embodiments, known good replication copies may be viewed as copies of primary data 112. This feature allows the system to directly access, copy, restore, backup or otherwise manipulate the replication copies as if the data were the “live” primary data 112. This can reduce access time, storage utilization, and impact on source applications 110, among other benefits. Based on known good state information, the information management system 100 can replicate sections of application data that represent a recoverable state rather than rote copying of blocks of data. Examples of compatible replication operations (e.g., continuous data replication) are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,617,262, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Deduplication/Single-Instancing Operations

Another type of data movement operation is deduplication or single-instance storage, which is useful to reduce the amount of non-primary data. For instance, some or all of the above-described secondary storage operations can involve deduplication in some fashion. New data is read, broken down into portions (e.g., sub-file level blocks, files, etc.) of a selected granularity, compared with blocks that are already in secondary storage, and only the new blocks are stored. Blocks that already exist are represented as pointers to the already stored data.

In order to streamline the comparison process, the information management system 100 may calculate and/or store signatures (e.g., hashes or cryptographically unique IDs) corresponding to the individual data blocks in a database and compare the signatures instead of comparing entire data blocks. In some cases, only a single instance of each element is stored, and deduplication operations may therefore be referred to interchangeably as “single-instancing” operations. Depending on the implementation, however, deduplication or single-instancing operations can store more than one instance of certain data blocks, but nonetheless significantly reduce data redundancy. Depending on the embodiment, deduplication blocks can be of fixed or variable length. Using variable length blocks can provide enhanced deduplication by responding to changes in the data stream, but can involve complex processing. In some cases, the information management system 100 utilizes a technique for dynamically aligning deduplication blocks (e.g., fixed-length blocks) based on changing content in the data stream, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,364,652, which is incorporated by reference herein.

The information management system 100 can perform deduplication in a variety of manners at a variety of locations in the information management system 100. For instance, in some embodiments, the information management system 100 implements “target-side” deduplication by deduplicating data (e.g., secondary copies 116) stored in the secondary storage devices 108. In some such cases, the media agents 144 are generally configured to manage the deduplication process. For instance, one or more of the media agents 144 maintain a corresponding deduplication database that stores deduplication information (e.g., datablock signatures). Examples of such a configuration are provided in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0150826, which is incorporated by reference herein. Instead of or in combination with “target-side” deduplication, deduplication can also be performed on the “source-side” (or “client-side”), e.g., to reduce the amount of traffic between the media agents 144 and the client computing device(s) 102 and/or reduce redundant data stored in the primary storage devices 104. According to various implementations, one or more of the storage devices of the target-side and/or source-side of an operation can be cloud-based storage devices. Thus, the target-side and/or source-side deduplication can be cloud-based deduplication. In particular, as discussed previously, the storage manager 140 may communicate with other components within the information management system 100 via network protocols and cloud service provider APIs to facilitate cloud-based deduplication/single instancing. Examples of such deduplication techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0150818, which is incorporated by reference herein. Some other compatible deduplication/single instancing techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2006/0224846 and 2009/0319534, which are incorporated by reference herein.

Information Lifecycle Management and Hierarchical Storage Management Operations

In some embodiments, files and other data over their lifetime move from more expensive, quick access storage to less expensive, slower access storage. Operations associated with moving data through various tiers of storage are sometimes referred to as information lifecycle management (ILM) operations.

One type of ILM operation is a hierarchical storage management (HSM) operation. A HSM operation is generally an operation for automatically moving data between classes of storage devices, such as between high-cost and low-cost storage devices. For instance, an HSM operation may involve movement of data from primary storage devices 104 to secondary storage devices 108, or between tiers of secondary storage devices 108. With each tier, the storage devices may be progressively relatively cheaper, have relatively slower access/restore times, etc. For example, movement of data between tiers may occur as data becomes less important over time.

In some embodiments, an HSM operation is similar to an archive operation in that creating an HSM copy may (though not always) involve deleting some of the source data, e.g., according to one or more criteria related to the source data. For example, an HSM copy may include data from primary data 112 or a secondary copy 116 that is larger than a given size threshold or older than a given age threshold and that is stored in a backup format.

Often, and unlike some types of archive copies, HSM data that is removed or aged from the source is replaced by a logical reference pointer or stub. The reference pointer or stub can be stored in the primary storage device 104 (or other source storage device, such as a secondary storage device 108) to replace the deleted source data and to point to or otherwise indicate the new location in a secondary storage device 108.

According to one example, files are generally moved between higher and lower cost storage depending on how often the files are accessed. When a user requests access to the HSM data that has been removed or migrated, the information management system 100 uses the stub to locate the data and may make recovery of the data appear transparent, even though the HSM data may be stored at a location different from other source data. In this manner, the data appears to the user (e.g., in file system browsing windows and the like) as if it still resides in the source location (e.g., in a primary storage device 104). The stub may also include some metadata associated with the corresponding data, so that a file system and/or application can provide some information about the data object and/or a limited-functionality version (e.g., a preview) of the data object.

An HSM copy may be stored in a format other than the native application format (e.g., where the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the original native application format). In some cases, copies which involve the removal of data from source storage and the maintenance of stub or other logical reference information on source storage may be referred to generally as “on-line archive copies”. On the other hand, copies which involve the removal of data from source storage without the maintenance of stub or other logical reference information on source storage may be referred to as “off-line archive copies”. Examples of HSM and ILM techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Auxiliary Copy and Disaster Recovery Operations

An auxiliary copy is generally a copy operation in which a copy is created of an existing secondary copy 116. For instance, an initial secondary copy 116 may be generated using or otherwise be derived from primary data 112 (or other data residing in the secondary storage subsystem 118), whereas an auxiliary copy is generated from the initial secondary copy 116. Auxiliary copies can be used to create additional standby copies of data and may reside on different secondary storage devices 108 than the initial secondary copies 116. Thus, auxiliary copies can be used for recovery purposes if initial secondary copies 116 become unavailable. Exemplary compatible auxiliary copy techniques are described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,195, which is incorporated by reference herein.

The information management system 100 may also perform disaster recovery operations that make or retain disaster recovery copies, often as secondary, high-availability disk copies. The information management system 100 may create secondary disk copies and store the copies at disaster recovery locations using auxiliary copy or replication operations, such as continuous data replication technologies. Depending on the particular data protection goals, disaster recovery locations can be remote from the client computing devices 102 and primary storage devices 104, remote from some or all of the secondary storage devices 108, or both.

Data Analysis, Reporting, and Management Operations

Data analysis, reporting, and management operations can be different than data movement operations in that they do not necessarily involve the copying, migration or other transfer of data (e.g., primary data 112 or secondary copies 116) between different locations in the system. For instance, data analysis operations may involve processing (e.g., offline processing) or modification of already stored primary data 112 and/or secondary copies 116. However, in some embodiments data analysis operations are performed in conjunction with data movement operations. Some data analysis operations include content indexing operations and classification operations which can be useful in leveraging the data under management to provide enhanced search and other features. Other data analysis operations such as compression and encryption can provide data reduction and security benefits, respectively.

Classification Operations/Content Indexing

In some embodiments, the information management system 100 analyzes and indexes characteristics, content, and metadata associated with the primary data 112 and/or secondary copies 116. The content indexing can be used to identify files or other data objects having pre-defined content (e.g., user-defined keywords or phrases, other keywords/phrases that are not defined by a user, etc.), and/or metadata (e.g., email metadata such as “to”, “from”, “cc”, “bcc”, attachment name, received time, etc.).

The information management system 100 generally organizes and catalogues the results in a content index, which may be stored within the media agent database 152, for example. The content index can also include the storage locations of (or pointer references to) the indexed data in the primary data 112 or secondary copies 116, as appropriate. The results may also be stored, in the form of a content index database or otherwise, elsewhere in the information management system 100 (e.g., in the primary storage devices 104, or in the secondary storage device 108). Such index data provides the storage manager 140 or another component with an efficient mechanism for locating primary data 112 and/or secondary copies 116 of data objects that match particular criteria.

For instance, search criteria can be specified by a user through user interface 158 of the storage manager 140. In some cases, the information management system 100 analyzes data and/or metadata in secondary copies 116 to create an “off-line” content index, without significantly impacting the performance of the client computing devices 102. Depending on the embodiment, the system can also implement “on-line” content indexing, e.g., of primary data 112. Examples of compatible content indexing techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 8,170,995, which is incorporated by reference herein.

One or more components can be configured to scan data and/or associated metadata for classification purposes to populate a database (or other data structure) of information, which can be referred to as a “data classification database” or a “metabase”. Depending on the embodiment, the data classification database(s) can be organized in a variety of different ways, including centralization, logical sub-divisions, and/or physical sub-divisions. For instance, one or more centralized data classification databases may be associated with different subsystems or tiers within the information management system 100. As an example, there may be a first centralized metabase associated with the primary storage subsystem 117 and a second centralized metabase associated with the secondary storage subsystem 118. In other cases, there may be one or more metabases associated with individual components, e.g., client computing devices 102 and/or media agents 144. In some embodiments, a data classification database (metabase) may reside as one or more data structures within management database 146, or may be otherwise associated with storage manager 140.

In some cases, the metabase(s) may be included in separate database(s) and/or on separate storage device(s) from primary data 112 and/or secondary copies 116, such that operations related to the metabase do not significantly impact performance on other components in the information management system 100. In other cases, the metabase(s) may be stored along with primary data 112 and/or secondary copies 116. Files or other data objects can be associated with identifiers (e.g., tag entries, etc.) in the media agent 144 (or other indices) to facilitate searches of stored data objects. Among a number of other benefits, the metabase can also allow efficient, automatic identification of files or other data objects to associate with secondary copy or other information management operations (e.g., in lieu of scanning an entire file system). Examples of compatible metabases and data classification operations are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,229,954 and 7,747,579, which are incorporated by reference herein.

Encryption Operations

The information management system 100 in some cases is configured to process data (e.g., files or other data objects, secondary copies 116, etc.), according to an appropriate encryption algorithm (e.g., Blowfish, Advanced Encryption Standard [AES], Triple Data Encryption Standard [3-DES], etc.) to limit access and provide data security in the information management system 100. The information management system 100 in some cases encrypts the data at the client level, such that the client computing devices 102 (e.g., the data agents 142) encrypt the data prior to forwarding the data to other components, e.g., before sending the data to media agents 144 during a secondary copy operation. In such cases, the client computing device 102 may maintain or have access to an encryption key or passphrase for decrypting the data upon restore. Encryption can also occur when creating copies of secondary copies, e.g., when creating auxiliary copies or archive copies. In yet further embodiments, the secondary storage devices 108 can implement built-in, high performance hardware encryption.

Management and Reporting Operations

Certain embodiments leverage the integrated, ubiquitous nature of the information management system 100 to provide useful system-wide management and reporting functions. Examples of some compatible management and reporting techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Operations management can generally include monitoring and managing the health and performance of information management system 100 by, without limitation, performing error tracking, generating granular storage/performance metrics (e.g., job success/failure information, deduplication efficiency, etc.), generating storage modeling and costing information, and the like. As an example, a storage manager 140 or other component in the information management system 100 may analyze traffic patterns and suggest and/or automatically route data via a particular route to minimize congestion. In some embodiments, the system can generate predictions relating to storage operations or storage operation information. Such predictions, which may be based on a trending analysis, may predict various network operations or resource usage, such as network traffic levels, storage media use, use of bandwidth of communication links, use of media agent components, etc. Further examples of traffic analysis, trend analysis, prediction generation, and the like are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.

In some configurations, a master storage manager 140 may track the status of storage operation cells in a hierarchy, such as the status of jobs, system components, system resources, and other items, by communicating with storage managers 140 (or other components) in the respective storage operation cells. Moreover, the master storage manager 140 may track the status of its associated storage operation cells and information management operations by receiving periodic status updates from the storage managers 140 (or other components) in the respective cells regarding jobs, system components, system resources, and other items. In some embodiments, a master storage manager 140 may store status information and other information regarding its associated storage operation cells and other system information in its index 150 (or other location).

The master storage manager 140 or other component may also determine whether certain storage-related criteria or other criteria are satisfied, and perform an action or trigger event (e.g., data migration) in response to the criteria being satisfied, such as where a storage threshold is met for a particular volume, or where inadequate protection exists for certain data. For instance, in some embodiments, data from one or more storage operation cells is used to dynamically and automatically mitigate recognized risks, and/or to advise users of risks or suggest actions to mitigate these risks. For example, an information management policy may specify certain requirements (e.g., that a storage device should maintain a certain amount of free space, that secondary copies should occur at a particular interval, that data should be aged and migrated to other storage after a particular period, that data on a secondary volume should always have a certain level of availability and be restorable within a given time period, that data on a secondary volume may be mirrored or otherwise migrated to a specified number of other volumes, etc.). If a risk condition or other criterion is triggered, the system may notify the user of these conditions and may suggest (or automatically implement) an action to mitigate or otherwise address the risk. For example, the system may indicate that data from a primary copy 112 should be migrated to a secondary storage device 108 to free space on the primary storage device 104. Examples of the use of risk factors and other triggering criteria are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.

In some embodiments, the system 100 may also determine whether a metric or other indication satisfies particular storage criteria and, if so, perform an action. For example, as previously described, a storage policy or other definition might indicate that a storage manager 140 should initiate a particular action if a storage metric or other indication drops below or otherwise fails to satisfy specified criteria such as a threshold of data protection. Examples of such metrics are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.

In some embodiments, risk factors may be quantified into certain measurable service or risk levels for ease of comprehension. For example, certain applications and associated data may be considered to be more important by an enterprise than other data and services. Financial compliance data, for example, may be of greater importance than marketing materials, etc. Network administrators may assign priority values or “weights” to certain data and/or applications, corresponding to the relative importance. The level of compliance of storage operations specified for these applications may also be assigned a certain value. Thus, the health, impact, and overall importance of a service may be determined, such as by measuring the compliance value and calculating the product of the priority value and the compliance value to determine the “service level” and comparing it to certain operational thresholds to determine whether it is acceptable. Further examples of the service level determination are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.

The system 100 may additionally calculate data costing and data availability associated with information management operation cells according to an embodiment of the invention. For instance, data received from the cell may be used in conjunction with hardware-related information and other information about system elements to determine the cost of storage and/or the availability of particular data in the system. Exemplary information generated could include how fast a particular department is using up available storage space, how long data would take to recover over a particular system pathway from a particular secondary storage device, costs over time, etc. Moreover, in some embodiments, such information may be used to determine or predict the overall cost associated with the storage of certain information. The cost associated with hosting a certain application may be based, at least in part, on the type of media on which the data resides, for example. Storage devices may be assigned to a particular cost categories, for example. Further examples of costing techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Any of the above types of information (e.g., information related to trending, predictions, job, cell or component status, risk, service level, costing, etc.) can generally be provided to users via the user interface 158 in a single, integrated view or console (not shown). The console may support a reporting capability that allows for the generation of a variety of reports, which may be tailored to a particular aspect of information management. Report types may include: scheduling, event management, media management and data aging. Available reports may also include backup history, data aging history, auxiliary copy history, job history, library and drive, media in library, restore history, and storage policy, etc., without limitation. Such reports may be specified and created at a certain point in time as a system analysis, forecasting, or provisioning tool. Integrated reports may also be generated that illustrate storage and performance metrics, risks and storage costing information. Moreover, users may create their own reports based on specific needs.

The integrated user interface 158 can include an option to show a “virtual view” of the system that graphically depicts the various components in the system using appropriate icons. As one example, the user interface 158 may provide a graphical depiction of one or more primary storage devices 104, the secondary storage devices 108, data agents 142 and/or media agents 144, and their relationship to one another in the information management system 100. The operations management functionality can facilitate planning and decision-making. For example, in some embodiments, a user may view the status of some or all jobs as well as the status of each component of the information management system 100. Users may then plan and make decisions based on this data. For instance, a user may view high-level information regarding storage operations for the information management system 100, such as job status, component status, resource status (e.g., communication pathways, etc.), and other information. The user may also drill down or use other means to obtain more detailed information regarding a particular component, job, or the like. Further examples of some reporting techniques and associated interfaces providing an integrated view of an information management system are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.

The information management system 100 can also be configured to perform system-wide e-discovery operations in some embodiments. In general, e-discovery operations provide a unified collection and search capability for data in the system, such as data stored in the secondary storage devices 108 (e.g., backups, archives, or other secondary copies 116). For example, the information management system 100 may construct and maintain a virtual repository for data stored in the information management system 100 that is integrated across source applications 110, different storage device types, etc. According to some embodiments, e-discovery utilizes other techniques described herein, such as data classification and/or content indexing.

Information Management Policies

As indicated previously, an information management policy 148 can include a data structure or other information source that specifies a set of parameters (e.g., criteria and rules) associated with secondary copy and/or other information management operations.

One type of information management policy 148 is a storage policy. According to certain embodiments, a storage policy generally comprises a data structure or other information source that defines (or includes information sufficient to determine) a set of preferences or other criteria for performing information management operations. Storage policies can include one or more of the following items: (1) what data will be associated with the storage policy; (2) a destination to which the data will be stored; (3) datapath information specifying how the data will be communicated to the destination; (4) the type of storage operation to be performed; and (5) retention information specifying how long the data will be retained at the destination (see, e.g., FIG. 1E).

As an illustrative example, data associated with a storage policy can be logically organized into groups. In some cases, these logical groupings can be referred to as “sub-clients”. A sub-client may represent static or dynamic associations of portions of a data volume. Sub-clients may represent mutually exclusive portions. Thus, in certain embodiments, a portion of data may be given a label and the association is stored as a static entity in an index, database or other storage location. Sub-clients may also be used as an effective administrative scheme of organizing data according to data type, department within the enterprise, storage preferences, or the like. Depending on the configuration, sub-clients can correspond to files, folders, virtual machines, databases, etc. In one exemplary scenario, an administrator may find it preferable to separate e-mail data from financial data using two different sub-clients.

A storage policy can define where data is stored by specifying a target or destination storage device (or group of storage devices). For instance, where the secondary storage device 108 includes a group of disk libraries, the storage policy may specify a particular disk library for storing the sub-clients associated with the policy. As another example, where the secondary storage devices 108 include one or more tape libraries, the storage policy may specify a particular tape library for storing the sub-clients associated with the storage policy, and may also specify a drive pool and a tape pool defining a group of tape drives and a group of tapes, respectively, for use in storing the sub-client data. While information in the storage policy can be statically assigned in some cases, some or all of the information in the storage policy can also be dynamically determined based on criteria, which can be set forth in the storage policy. For instance, based on such criteria, a particular destination storage device(s) (or other parameter of the storage policy) may be determined based on characteristics associated with the data involved in a particular storage operation, device availability (e.g., availability of a secondary storage device 108 or a media agent 144), network status and conditions (e.g., identified bottlenecks), user credentials, and the like).

Datapath information can also be included in the storage policy. For instance, the storage policy may specify network pathways and components to utilize when moving the data to the destination storage device(s). In some embodiments, the storage policy specifies one or more media agents 144 for conveying data associated with the storage policy between the source (e.g., one or more host client computing devices 102) and destination (e.g., a particular target secondary storage device 108).

A storage policy can also specify the type(s) of operations associated with the storage policy, such as a backup, archive, snapshot, auxiliary copy, or the like. Retention information can specify how long the data will be kept, depending on organizational needs (e.g., a number of days, months, years, etc.)

Another type of information management policy 148 is a scheduling policy, which specifies when and how often to perform operations. Scheduling parameters may specify with what frequency (e.g., hourly, weekly, daily, event-based, etc.) or under what triggering conditions secondary copy or other information management operations will take place. Scheduling policies in some cases are associated with particular components, such as particular logical groupings of data associated with a storage policy (e.g., a sub-client), client computing device 102, and the like. In one configuration, a separate scheduling policy is maintained for particular logical groupings of data on a client computing device 102. The scheduling policy specifies that those logical groupings are to be moved to secondary storage devices 108 every hour according to storage policies associated with the respective sub-clients.

When adding a new client computing device 102, administrators can manually configure information management policies 148 and/or other settings, e.g., via the user interface 158. However, this can be an involved process resulting in delays, and it may be desirable to begin data protection operations quickly, without awaiting human intervention. Thus, in some embodiments, the information management system 100 automatically applies a default configuration to client computing device 102. As one example, when one or more data agent(s) 142 are installed on one or more client computing devices 102, the installation script may register the client computing device 102 with the storage manager 140, which in turn applies the default configuration to the new client computing device 102. In this manner, data protection operations can begin substantially immediately. The default configuration can include a default storage policy, for example, and can specify any appropriate information sufficient to begin data protection operations. This can include a type of data protection operation, scheduling information, a target secondary storage device 108, data path information (e.g., a particular media agent 144), and the like.

Other types of information management policies 148 are possible, including one or more audit (or security) policies. An audit policy is a set of preferences, rules and/or criteria that protect sensitive data in the information management system 100. For example, an audit policy may define “sensitive objects” as files or objects that contain particular keywords (e.g., “confidential,” or “privileged”) and/or are associated with particular keywords (e.g., in metadata) or particular flags (e.g., in metadata identifying a document or email as personal, confidential, etc.). An audit policy may further specify rules for handling sensitive objects. As an example, an audit policy may require that a reviewer approve the transfer of any sensitive objects to a cloud storage site, and that if approval is denied for a particular sensitive object, the sensitive object should be transferred to a local primary storage device 104 instead. To facilitate this approval, the audit policy may further specify how a secondary storage computing device 106 or other system component should notify a reviewer that a sensitive object is slated for transfer.

Another type of information management policy 148 is a provisioning policy. A provisioning policy can include a set of preferences, priorities, rules, and/or criteria that specify how client computing devices 102 (or groups thereof) may utilize system resources, such as available storage on cloud storage and/or network bandwidth. A provisioning policy specifies, for example, data quotas for particular client computing devices 102 (e.g., a number of gigabytes that can be stored monthly, quarterly or annually). The storage manager 140 or other components may enforce the provisioning policy. For instance, the media agents 144 may enforce the policy when transferring data to secondary storage devices 108. If a client computing device 102 exceeds a quota, a budget for the client computing device 102 (or associated department) is adjusted accordingly or an alert may trigger.

While the above types of information management policies 148 have been described as separate policies, one or more of these can be generally combined into a single information management policy 148. For instance, a storage policy may also include or otherwise be associated with one or more scheduling, audit, or provisioning policies or operational parameters thereof. Moreover, while storage policies are typically associated with moving and storing data, other policies may be associated with other types of information management operations. The following is a non-exhaustive list of items the information management policies 148 may specify:

-   -   schedules or other timing information, e.g., specifying when         and/or how often to perform information management operations;     -   the type of copy 116 (e.g., type of secondary copy) and/or copy         format (e.g., snapshot, backup, archive, HSM, etc.);     -   a location or a class or quality of storage for storing         secondary copies 116 (e.g., one or more particular secondary         storage devices 108);     -   preferences regarding whether and how to encrypt, compress,         deduplicate, or otherwise modify or transform secondary copies         116;     -   which system components and/or network pathways (e.g., preferred         media agents 144) should be used to perform secondary storage         operations;     -   resource allocation among different computing devices or other         system components used in performing information management         operations (e.g., bandwidth allocation, available storage         capacity, etc.);     -   whether and how to synchronize or otherwise distribute files or         other data objects across multiple computing devices or hosted         services; and     -   retention information specifying the length of time primary data         112 and/or secondary copies 116 should be retained, e.g., in a         particular class or tier of storage devices, or within the         information management system 100.

Policies can additionally specify or depend on a variety of historical or current criteria that may be used to determine which rules to apply to a particular data object, system component, or information management operation, such as:

-   -   frequency with which primary data 112 or a secondary copy 116 of         a data object or metadata has been or is predicted to be used,         accessed, or modified;     -   time-related factors (e.g., aging information such as time since         the creation or modification of a data object);     -   deduplication information (e.g., hashes, data blocks,         deduplication block size, deduplication efficiency or other         metrics);     -   an estimated or historic usage or cost associated with different         components (e.g., with secondary storage devices 108);     -   the identity of users, applications 110, client computing         devices 102 and/or other computing devices that created,         accessed, modified, or otherwise utilized primary data 112 or         secondary copies 116;     -   a relative sensitivity (e.g., confidentiality, importance) of a         data object, e.g., as determined by its content and/or metadata;     -   the current or historical storage capacity of various storage         devices;     -   the current or historical network capacity of network pathways         connecting various components within the storage operation cell;     -   access control lists or other security information; and     -   the content of a particular data object (e.g., its textual         content) or of metadata associated with the data object.

Exemplary Storage Policy and Secondary Storage Operations

FIG. 1E includes a data flow diagram depicting performance of storage operations by an embodiment of an information management system 100, according to an exemplary storage policy 148A. The information management system 100 includes a storage manger 140, a client computing device 102 having a file system data agent 142A and an email data agent 142B operating thereon, a primary storage device 104, two media agents 144A, 144B, and two secondary storage devices 108A, 108B: a disk library 108A and a tape library 108B. As shown, the primary storage device 104 includes primary data 112A, which is associated with a logical grouping of data associated with a file system, and primary data 112B, which is associated with a logical grouping of data associated with email. Although for simplicity the logical grouping of data associated with the file system is referred to as a file system sub-client, and the logical grouping of data associated with the email is referred to as an email sub-client, the techniques described with respect to FIG. 1E can be utilized in conjunction with data that is organized in a variety of other manners.

As indicated by the dashed box, the second media agent 144B and the tape library 108B are “off-site”, and may therefore be remotely located from the other components in the information management system 100 (e.g., in a different city, office building, etc.). Indeed, “off-site” may refer to a magnetic tape located in storage, which must be manually retrieved and loaded into a tape drive to be read. In this manner, information stored on the tape library 108B may provide protection in the event of a disaster or other failure.

The file system sub-client and its associated primary data 112A in certain embodiments generally comprise information generated by the file system and/or operating system of the client computing device 102, and can include, for example, file system data (e.g., regular files, file tables, mount points, etc.), operating system data (e.g., registries, event logs, etc.), and the like. The e-mail sub-client, on the other hand, and its associated primary data 112B, include data generated by an e-mail application operating on the client computing device 102, and can include mailbox information, folder information, emails, attachments, associated database information, and the like. As described above, the sub-clients can be logical containers, and the data included in the corresponding primary data 112A, 112B may or may not be stored contiguously.

The exemplary storage policy 148A includes backup copy preferences (or rule set) 160, disaster recovery copy preferences rule set 162, and compliance copy preferences or rule set 164. The backup copy rule set 160 specifies that it is associated with a file system sub-client 166 and an email sub-client 168. Each of these sub-clients 166, 168 are associated with the particular client computing device 102. The backup copy rule set 160 further specifies that the backup operation will be written to the disk library 108A, and designates a particular media agent 144A to convey the data to the disk library 108A. Finally, the backup copy rule set 160 specifies that backup copies created according to the rule set 160 are scheduled to be generated on an hourly basis and to be retained for 30 days. In some other embodiments, scheduling information is not included in the storage policy 148A, and is instead specified by a separate scheduling policy.

The disaster recovery copy rule set 162 is associated with the same two sub-clients 166, 168. However, the disaster recovery copy rule set 162 is associated with the tape library 108B, unlike the backup copy rule set 160. Moreover, the disaster recovery copy rule set 162 specifies that a different media agent, namely 144B, will be used to convey the data to the tape library 108B. As indicated, disaster recovery copies created according to the rule set 162 will be retained for 60 days, and will be generated on a daily basis. Disaster recovery copies generated according to the disaster recovery copy rule set 162 can provide protection in the event of a disaster or other catastrophic data loss that would affect the backup copy 116A maintained on the disk library 108A.

The compliance copy rule set 164 is only associated with the email sub-client 168, and not the file system sub-client 166. Compliance copies generated according to the compliance copy rule set 164 will therefore not include primary data 112A from the file system sub-client 166. For instance, the organization may be under an obligation to store and maintain copies of email data for a particular period of time (e.g., 10 years) to comply with state or federal regulations, while similar regulations do not apply to the file system data. The compliance copy rule set 164 is associated with the same tape library 108B and media agent 144B as the disaster recovery copy rule set 162, although a different storage device or media agent could be used in other embodiments. Finally, the compliance copy rule set 164 specifies that copies generated under the compliance copy rule set 164 will be retained for 10 years, and will be generated on a quarterly basis.

At step 1, the storage manager 140 initiates a backup operation according to the backup copy rule set 160. For instance, a scheduling service running on the storage manager 140 accesses scheduling information from the backup copy rule set 160 or a separate scheduling policy associated with the client computing device 102, and initiates a backup copy operation on an hourly basis. Thus, at the scheduled time slot the storage manager 140 sends instructions to the client computing device 102 (i.e., to both data agent 142A and data agent 142B) to begin the backup operation.

At step 2, the file system data agent 142A and the email data agent 142B operating on the client computing device 102 respond to the instructions received from the storage manager 140 by accessing and processing the primary data 112A, 112B involved in the copy operation, which can be found in primary storage device 104. Because the operation is a backup copy operation, the data agent(s) 142A, 142B may format the data into a backup format or otherwise process the data.

At step 3, the client computing device 102 communicates the retrieved, processed data to the first media agent 144A, as directed by the storage manager 140, according to the backup copy rule set 160. In some other embodiments, the information management system 100 may implement a load-balancing, availability-based, or other appropriate algorithm to select from the available set of media agents 144A, 144B. Regardless of the manner the media agent 144A is selected, the storage manager 140 may further keep a record in the storage manager database 146 of the association between the selected media agent 144A and the client computing device 102 and/or between the selected media agent 144A and the backup copy 116A.

The target media agent 144A receives the data from the client computing device 102, and at step 4 conveys the data to the disk library 108A to create the backup copy 116A, again at the direction of the storage manager 140 and according to the backup copy rule set 160. The secondary storage device 108A can be selected in other ways. For instance, the media agent 144A may have a dedicated association with a particular secondary storage device(s), or the storage manager 140 or media agent 144A may select from a plurality of secondary storage devices, e.g., according to availability, using one of the techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,207, which is incorporated by reference herein.

The media agent 144A can also update its index 153 to include data and/or metadata related to the backup copy 116A, such as information indicating where the backup copy 116A resides on the disk library 108A, data and metadata for cache retrieval, etc. The storage manager 140 may similarly update its index 150 to include information relating to the storage operation, such as information relating to the type of storage operation, a physical location associated with one or more copies created by the storage operation, the time the storage operation was performed, status information relating to the storage operation, the components involved in the storage operation, and the like. In some cases, the storage manager 140 may update its index 150 to include some or all of the information stored in the index 153 of the media agent 144A. After the 30 day retention period expires, the storage manager 140 instructs the media agent 144A to delete the backup copy 116A from the disk library 108A. Indexes 150 and/or 153 are updated accordingly.

At step 5, the storage manager 140 initiates the creation of a disaster recovery copy 116B according to the disaster recovery copy rule set 162.

At step 6, illustratively based on the instructions received from the storage manager 140 at step 5, the specified media agent 144B retrieves the most recent backup copy 116A from the disk library 108A.

At step 7, again at the direction of the storage manager 140 and as specified in the disaster recovery copy rule set 162, the media agent 144B uses the retrieved data to create a disaster recovery copy 116B on the tape library 108B. In some cases, the disaster recovery copy 116B is a direct, mirror copy of the backup copy 116A, and remains in the backup format. In other embodiments, the disaster recovery copy 116B may be generated in some other manner, such as by using the primary data 112A, 112B from the primary storage device 104 as source data. The disaster recovery copy operation is initiated once a day and the disaster recovery copies 116B are deleted after 60 days; indexes are updated accordingly when/after each information management operation is executed/completed.

At step 8, the storage manager 140 initiates the creation of a compliance copy 116C, according to the compliance copy rule set 164. For instance, the storage manager 140 instructs the media agent 144B to create the compliance copy 116C on the tape library 108B at step 9, as specified in the compliance copy rule set 164. In the example, the compliance copy 116C is generated using the disaster recovery copy 116B. In other embodiments, the compliance copy 116C is instead generated using either the primary data 112B corresponding to the email sub-client or using the backup copy 116A from the disk library 108A as source data. As specified, in the illustrated example, compliance copies 116C are created quarterly, and are deleted after ten years, and indexes are kept up-to-date accordingly.

While not shown in FIG. 1E, at some later point in time, a restore operation can be initiated involving one or more of the secondary copies 116A, 116B, 116C. As one example, a user may manually initiate a restore of the backup copy 116A by interacting with the user interface 158 of the storage manager 140. The storage manager 140 then accesses data in its index 150 (and/or the respective storage policy 148A) associated with the selected backup copy 116A to identify the appropriate media agent 144A and/or secondary storage device 108A.

In other cases, a media agent may be selected for use in the restore operation based on a load balancing algorithm, an availability based algorithm, or other criteria. The selected media agent 144A retrieves the data from the disk library 108A. For instance, the media agent 144A may access its index 153 to identify a location of the backup copy 116A on the disk library 108A, or may access location information residing on the disk 108A itself.

When the backup copy 116A was recently created or accessed, the media agent 144A accesses a cached version of the backup copy 116A residing in the index 153, without having to access the disk library 108A for some or all of the data. Once it has retrieved the backup copy 116A, the media agent 144A communicates the data to the source client computing device 102. Upon receipt, the file system data agent 142A and the email data agent 142B may unpackage (e.g., restore from a backup format to the native application format) the data in the backup copy 116A and restore the unpackaged data to the primary storage device 104.

Exemplary Applications of Storage Policies

The storage manager 140 may permit a user to specify aspects of the storage policy 148A. For example, the storage policy can be modified to include information governance policies to define how data should be managed in order to comply with a certain regulation or business objective. The various policies may be stored, for example, in the management database 146. An information governance policy may comprise a classification policy, which is described herein. An information governance policy may align with one or more compliance tasks that are imposed by regulations or business requirements. Examples of information governance policies might include a Sarbanes-Oxley policy, a HIPAA policy, an electronic discovery (E-Discovery) policy, and so on.

Information governance policies allow administrators to obtain different perspectives on all of an organization's online and offline data, without the need for a dedicated data silo created solely for each different viewpoint. As described previously, the data storage systems herein build a centralized index that reflects the contents of a distributed data set that spans numerous clients and storage devices, including both primary and secondary copies, and online and offline copies. An organization may apply multiple information governance policies in a top-down manner over that unified data set and indexing schema in order to permit an organization to view and manipulate the single data set through different lenses, each of which is adapted to a particular compliance or business goal. Thus, for example, by applying an E-discovery policy and a Sarbanes-Oxley policy, two different groups of users in an organization can conduct two very different analyses of the same underlying physical set of data copies, which may be distributed throughout the organization and information management system.

A classification policy defines a taxonomy of classification terms or tags relevant to a compliance task and/or business objective. A classification policy may also associate a defined tag with a classification rule. A classification rule defines a particular combination of criteria, such as users who have created, accessed or modified a document or data object; file or application types; content or metadata keywords; clients or storage locations; dates of data creation and/or access; review status or other status within a workflow (e.g., reviewed or un-reviewed); modification times or types of modifications; and/or any other data attributes in any combination, without limitation. A classification rule may also be defined using other classification tags in the taxonomy. The various criteria used to define a classification rule may be combined in any suitable fashion, for example, via Boolean operators, to define a complex classification rule. As an example, an E-discovery classification policy might define a classification tag “privileged” that is associated with documents or data objects that (1) were created or modified by legal department staff, or (2) were sent to or received from outside counsel via email, or (3) contain one of the following keywords: “privileged” or “attorney” or “counsel”, or other like terms.

One specific type of classification tag, which may be added to an index at the time of indexing, is an entity tag. An entity tag may be, for example, any content that matches a defined data mask format. Examples of entity tags might include, e.g., social security numbers (e.g., any numerical content matching the formatting mask XXX-XX-XXXX), credit card numbers (e.g., content having a 13-16 digit string of numbers), SKU numbers, product numbers, etc.

A user may define a classification policy by indicating criteria, parameters or descriptors of the policy via a graphical user interface, such as a form or page with fields to be filled in, pull-down menus or entries allowing one or more of several options to be selected, buttons, sliders, hypertext links or other known user interface tools for receiving user input, etc. For example, a user may define certain entity tags, such as a particular product number or project ID code that is relevant in the organization. In some implementations, the classification policy can be implemented using cloud-based techniques. For example, the storage devices may be cloud storage devices, and the storage manager 140 may execute cloud service provider API over a network to classify data stored on cloud storage devices.

Exemplary Secondary Copy Formatting

The formatting and structure of secondary copies 116 can vary, depending on the embodiment. In some cases, secondary copies 116 are formatted as a series of logical data units or “chunks” (e.g., 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, or 8 GB chunks). This can facilitate efficient communication and writing to secondary storage devices 108, e.g., according to resource availability. For example, a single secondary copy 116 may be written on a chunk-by-chunk basis to a single secondary storage device 108 or across multiple secondary storage devices 108. In some cases, users can select different chunk sizes, e.g., to improve throughput to tape storage devices.

Generally, each chunk can include a header and a payload. The payload can include files (or other data units) or subsets thereof included in the chunk, whereas the chunk header generally includes metadata relating to the chunk, some or all of which may be derived from the payload. For example, during a secondary copy operation, the media agent 144, storage manager 140, or other component may divide the associated files into chunks and generate headers for each chunk by processing the constituent files. The headers can include a variety of information such as file identifier(s), volume(s), offset(s), or other information associated with the payload data items, a chunk sequence number, etc. Importantly, in addition to being stored with the secondary copy 116 on the secondary storage device 108, the chunk headers can also be stored to the index 153 of the associated media agent(s) 144 and/or the index 150. This is useful in some cases for providing faster processing of secondary copies 116 during restores or other operations. In some cases, once a chunk is successfully transferred to a secondary storage device 108, the secondary storage device 108 returns an indication of receipt, e.g., to the media agent 144 and/or storage manager 140, which may update their respective indexes 153, 150 accordingly. During restore, chunks may be processed (e.g., by the media agent 144) according to the information in the chunk header to reassemble the files.

Data can also be communicated within the information management system 100 in data channels that connect the client computing devices 102 to the secondary storage devices 108. These data channels can be referred to as “data streams”, and multiple data streams can be employed to parallelize an information management operation, improving data transfer rate, among providing other advantages. Example data formatting techniques including techniques involving data streaming, chunking, and the use of other data structures in creating copies (e.g., secondary copies) are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,315,923 and 8,156,086, and 8,578,120, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

FIGS. 1F and 1G are diagrams of example data streams 170 and 171, respectively, which may be employed for performing data storage operations. Referring to FIG. 1F, the data agent 142 forms the data stream 170 from the data associated with a client computing device 102 (e.g., primary data 112). The data stream 170 is composed of multiple pairs of stream header 172 and stream data (or stream payload) 174. The data streams 170 and 171 shown in the illustrated example are for a single-instanced storage operation, and a stream payload 174 therefore may include both single-instance (“SI”) data and/or non-SI data. A stream header 172 includes metadata about the stream payload 174. This metadata may include, for example, a length of the stream payload 174, an indication of whether the stream payload 174 is encrypted, an indication of whether the stream payload 174 is compressed, an archive file identifier (ID), an indication of whether the stream payload 174 is single instanceable, and an indication of whether the stream payload 174 is a start of a block of data.

Referring to FIG. 1G, the data stream 171 has the stream header 172 and stream payload 174 aligned into multiple data blocks. In this example, the data blocks are of size 64 KB. The first two stream header 172 and stream payload 174 pairs comprise a first data block of size 64 KB. The first stream header 172 indicates that the length of the succeeding stream payload 174 is 63 KB and that it is the start of a data block. The next stream header 172 indicates that the succeeding stream payload 174 has a length of 1 KB and that it is not the start of a new data block. Immediately following stream payload 174 is a pair comprising an identifier header 176 and identifier data 178. The identifier header 176 includes an indication that the succeeding identifier data 178 includes the identifier for the immediately previous data block. The identifier data 178 includes the identifier that the data agent 142 generated for the data block. The data stream 171 also includes other stream header 172 and stream payload 174 pairs, which may be for SI data and/or for non-SI data.

FIG. 1H is a diagram illustrating the data structures 180 that may be used to store blocks of SI data and non-SI data on the storage device (e.g., secondary storage device 108). According to certain embodiments, the data structures 180 do not form part of a native file system of the storage device. The data structures 180 include one or more volume folders 182, one or more chunk folders 184/185 within the volume folder 182, and multiple files within the chunk folder 184. Each chunk folder 184/185 includes a metadata file 186/187, a metadata index file 188/189, one or more container files 190/191/193, and a container index file 192/194. The metadata file 186/187 stores non-SI data blocks as well as links to SI data blocks stored in container files. The metadata index file 188/189 stores an index to the data in the metadata file 186/187. The container files 190/191/193 store SI data blocks. The container index file 192/194 stores an index to the container files 190/191/193. Among other things, the container index file 192/194 stores an indication of whether a corresponding block in a container file 190/191/193 is referred to by a link in a metadata file 186/187. For example, data block B2 in the container file 190 is referred to by a link in the metadata file 187 in the chunk folder 185. Accordingly, the corresponding index entry in the container index file 192 indicates that the data block B2 in the container file 190 is referred to. As another example, data block B1 in the container file 191 is referred to by a link in the metadata file 187, and so the corresponding index entry in the container index file 192 indicates that this data block is referred to.

As an example, the data structures 180 illustrated in FIG. 1H may have been created as a result of two storage operations involving two client computing devices 102. For example, a first storage operation on a first client computing device 102 could result in the creation of the first chunk folder 184, and a second storage operation on a second client computing device 102 could result in the creation of the second chunk folder 185. The container files 190/191 in the first chunk folder 184 would contain the blocks of SI data of the first client computing device 102. If the two client computing devices 102 have substantially similar data, the second storage operation on the data of the second client computing device 102 would result in the media agent 144 storing primarily links to the data blocks of the first client computing device 102 that are already stored in the container files 190/191. Accordingly, while a first storage operation may result in storing nearly all of the data subject to the storage operation, subsequent storage operations involving similar data may result in substantial data storage space savings, because links to already stored data blocks can be stored instead of additional instances of data blocks.

If the operating system of the secondary storage computing device 106 on which the media agent 144 operates supports sparse files, then when the media agent 144 creates container files 190/191/193, it can create them as sparse files. A sparse file is type of file that may include empty space (e.g., a sparse file may have real data within it, such as at the beginning of the file and/or at the end of the file, but may also have empty space in it that is not storing actual data, such as a contiguous range of bytes all having a value of zero). Having the container files 190/191/193 be sparse files allows the media agent 144 to free up space in the container files 190/191/193 when blocks of data in the container files 190/191/193 no longer need to be stored on the storage devices. In some examples, the media agent 144 creates a new container file 190/191/193 when a container file 190/191/193 either includes 100 blocks of data or when the size of the container file 190 exceeds 50 MB. In other examples, the media agent 144 creates a new container file 190/191/193 when a container file 190/191/193 satisfies other criteria (e.g., it contains from approximately 100 to approximately 1000 blocks or when its size exceeds approximately 50 MB to 1 GB).

In some cases, a file on which a storage operation is performed may comprise a large number of data blocks. For example, a 100 MB file may comprise 400 data blocks of size 256 KB. If such a file is to be stored, its data blocks may span more than one container file, or even more than one chunk folder. As another example, a database file of 20 GB may comprise over 40,000 data blocks of size 512 KB. If such a database file is to be stored, its data blocks will likely span multiple container files, multiple chunk folders, and potentially multiple volume folders. Restoring such files may require accessing multiple container files, chunk folders, and/or volume folders to obtain the requisite data blocks.

User Community in Connection with Information Management Systems and Services

Providers of data storage solutions and services also provide maintenance and support to their customers. Some companies provide customers with on-line portals or forums as tools for addressing product maintenance and support issues.

According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, systems and methods are described for providing a user community that gives customers a vehicle for dealing with maintenance and support issues. The user community is provided in connection with one or more deployed information management systems. The user community may be an on-line, web-based portal. The user community can provide a variety of maintenance and/or support resources to customers, and may be hosted or otherwise operated at the control of the organization that provides the information management system and/or services. Such an organization may be referred to as the “information management system provider” below for purposes of discussion. “Customers” may refer to individuals or organizations that use the information management system and/or services offered by the information management system provider.

User Community

FIGS. 2A-2D depict illustrative graphical user interfaces relating to the user community. FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary home page of a user interface for the user community. FIG. 2B illustrates an exemplary display screen of the user interface showing summary information associated with the user profile for a particular user. FIG. 2C illustrates an exemplary display screen of the user interface showing a breakdown of points accumulated by the user for completion of maintenance related activities associated with the information management system, according to one embodiment. FIG. 2D illustrates an exemplary display screen of the user interface showing a breakdown of points accumulated by the user for completion of education related activities associated with the information management system, according to one embodiment. Information management systems that may be used in connection with the user community are shown and described with respect to FIGS. 1A-1H, 3, 3A, and 4. For instance, a user community manager 350 or another component of the system 300 shown in FIG. 3 may generate the user interface illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2D as well as other user interfaces associated with the user community.

Although the techniques in this disclosure are described with respect to information management systems and information management system providers, these techniques can apply to other types of products and/or services as well as other types of organizations.

The user community may provide a variety of types of resources including: product support resources (e.g., downloadable software updates, documentation, etc.), incident management resources, an on-line user forum, a stored knowledge base (KB), product education resources, etc. For example, the forum can allow users to post about various topics, and the knowledge base can comprise a stored database including articles (e.g., user submitted articles) and other educational information relating to different products and issues. Users of the community can contribute articles to the knowledge base. Users may be individuals who are associated with support and/or maintenance of products and/or services offered by the information management system provider. For instance, a user may be an information technology (IT) administrator. Users may also be engineers who are associated with development of products and/or services offered by the information management system provider. For example, an engineer may be employed by a customer to customize products and/or services offered by the information management system provider.

An incident may refer to an issue to be resolved. For instance, if a customer experiences a technical problem, the customer may report and open an incident for the problem (e.g., via the user community), or such reporting may cause manual or automated opening of the incident at the information management provider system. The support personnel at the information management system provider can manage and track incidents in order to resolve technical problems experienced by customers. For example, the support personnel can update and refer to the status of an incident to monitor the progress of the associated issue. Incidents may be stored in an incidents database.

One or more incidents databases can store incident records relating to different products offered by the information management system provider. Such incident records can be indexed by customer and/or individual users, and may be accessed by the information management cell ID(s) associated with a customer. Each customer may organize its system into one or more information management cells, which have corresponding information management cell IDs. Information management systems and methods that can be used in connection with the user community are explained in more detail above with respect to FIGS. 1A-1H, and more particularly below with respect to FIGS. 3, 3A, and 4. Portions of an exemplary user interface for the user community is illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2D. As indicated, such a user interface may be generated and hosted by an information management system provider. For instance, referring to FIG. 3, a user community manager 350 or other appropriate component of the information management provider system 300 may generate such an interface. Users of information management cells 390 deployed by customers of the information management system provider may have access to the user interface via a web portal or other appropriate mechanism. In other cases, the user interface is generated locally at the respective information management cells 390.

User Profile Overview

A user of the user community can create a user profile for use within the community. In some embodiments, a customer (e.g., a company) designates one or more specific persons as being in a maintenance and/or support role (e.g., system administrator, support personnel, engineer, etc.). User profiles associated with these designated persons (and/or other users) may be created and stored. Certain aspects of the user profile can be displayed in a user interface such as the exemplary user interface shown in FIGS. 2A-2D.

The profile can include information associated with users and/or customers such as: score or ranking information (e.g., 230 b in FIG. 2B) (e.g., a number of use community points accumulated, a level or status within the user community (e.g., 240 b in FIG. 2B)), a role (e.g., 250 b in FIG. 2B), type and/or quantity of information management system educational activities performed, type and/or quantity of information management system support- and/or maintenance-related activities completed, product usage data associated with the information management software or other information management system componentry, software-related activities (e.g., completion of particular milestones or tasks associated with software installed in an information management cell), information relating to a type or quantity of interaction with support team of the information management system provider (e.g., number and/or type of incidents opened, information relating to opened incidents), a user community profile completion progress associated with the user (e.g., 217 a in FIG. 2A), other users who are designated as followers of the user (e.g., 219 a in FIG. 2A), and any other appropriate types of information including any of those described herein, etc. The home page or other page of the user interface can also include a recommendations section including a listing of recommended material associated with the information management system, which can include courses on-line or in-person courses, downloadable articles or other documentation, certifications, etc. The system may generate the recommendations based in a customized fashion based on aspects of the user's profile, such as the user's score, role, level, or the like. The profile can also include information about the maintenance contract that the customer may have with the information management system provider (e.g., 218 a in FIG. 2A). For example, the profile may specify when the current maintenance contract expires. The profile may also be associated with incidents related to the user (e.g., 220 a in FIG. 2A). An exemplary display screen showing information relating to a user profile is illustrated in FIG. 2B, which will be described in detail below. The user interface can also provide a graphical or other indication of how the user compares to other user's, such as other users of a similar rank and/or role. For instance, the solid portion of horizontal bar graph shown in FIG. 2B provides a graphical gauge as to the average number of points for users of a similar ranking, while the vertical bar shows the number of points attained by the user, providing a comparison to the average. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2B, the user has accumulated 72 points, which is more than the average for those of the “Intermediate” ranking. The user interface can also provide an indication as to what is required of the user to reach a next milestone, such as the next highest ranking. For instance, FIG. 2B indicates that the user needs to accumulate 100 points to attain an “Advanced” ranking.

In some embodiments, aspects of the user profile may be based on a combination of maintenance and/or support related activities and education activities of the user. Support related activities can include: submitting an incident survey, submitting a post to a forum, submitting a post to a forum that is selected as a solution, being followed by others in forums, submitting knowledge base content, submitting knowledge base content that is published, providing feedback regarding knowledge base content, etc. Education related activities can include: participating in various courses, submitting course survey, attending a live course and/or seminar, etc.

In one embodiment, the user profile can include maintenance related content (e.g., as displayed in the display screen illustrated in FIG. 2C) and education related content (e.g., as displayed in the display screen illustrated in FIG. 2D). Points can be assigned to the user for each category, which can be combined for a total number of points. For example, the user can have a number of points for maintenance related activities 260 c as illustrated in FIG. 2C and a number of points for education related activities 270 d as illustrated in FIG. 2D. Points are described in more detail below.

User Community Points

The user community may award points to a user based on the user's activities and/or participation in the community. Such activities and/or participation may include: participation in forums and/or knowledge bases, interaction with the support team of the information management system provider, participation in education activities (e.g., participating in on-line educational webinars and product series offered by the information management system provider), etc. For example, the user may receive a set number of points for specific activities, such as writing forum posts and submitting knowledge base articles. Some forum posts and knowledge base articles that are recognized by the information management system provider or by other users as having particular merit can receive more points than those that do not obtain such recognition. For instance, a forum post that is tagged as providing a solution to a particular problem can receive 10 times the number of points for a regular forum post, and knowledge base submissions that are accepted and published, e.g., by the information management system provider, can receive twice the number of points for a regular knowledge base submission. Other rewarded activities may include filling out surveys and participating in education-related activities. Education-related activities are described in more detail below. As mentioned above, the user's points can be associated with the user's profile.

In some embodiments, the user may be assigned a level or status based on the number of points. For example, FIG. 2A illustrates one example of the level or status 210 a as follows:

-   -   Newcomer 211 a: 1-50 points     -   Journeyman 212 a: 51-100 points     -   Expert 213 a: 101-200 points     -   Ace 214 a: 201-500 points     -   Master 215 a: 501-1000 points     -   Guru 216 a: 1000 points

In certain embodiments, the users may be assigned a role as well as a level or status. For example, a user may have a role, such as an operator, an administrator, an engineer, etc. A level or status associated with the user may include basic, intermediate, advanced, expert, master, etc. The level or status can vary depending on the role. For example, an administrator may only have basic, intermediate, and advanced levels, while an engineer may have all levels (e.g., basic, intermediate, advanced, expert, master, etc.). The number of points for reaching the next level may also vary depending on the role.

In some embodiments, the point system may be defined as indicated in Tables 1-3. Table 1 shows one embodiment of a point system for defining the role and/or level or status associated with the user. Table 2 shows one embodiment of a point system for maintenance and education activities. Table 3 shows one embodiment of a detailed point system for education activities. The point system can be based on the user's maintenance related activities as well the user's education related activities. The number of points for various categories may be combined to obtain a total number of points for the user.

TABLE 1 An Embodiment of Point System Expertise Level and Required Activity Points Operator Intermediate Advanced Expert Master Role Administrator 15 25 n/a n/a Engineer 50 100 150 300

TABLE 2 Another Embodiment of Point System Points Awarded for Completed Support and Education Activities Activity Points Rules Support Activities on Maintenance Advantage Submit incident close survey 2 One feedback survey per incident. Post to CommVault Forums 1 Post to CommVault Forums 2 deemed a solution Followed on CommVault Forums 3 Points per follower. Provide Knowledgebase feedback 1 Submit Knowledgebase content 1 Published Knowledgebase content 2 Education Activities on Education Advantage Submit course survey 2 One feedback survey per class. Attend an Ask the Educator 1 Must be “live” session. “live” webinar

In certain embodiments, the information management system may determine or generate a number of points and/or other aspects of the user's profile based on the user's usage of information management system software and/or other information management system components, such as any of those described in detail with respect to FIGS. 1A-1H. Measuring user performance based on such metrics will be described in greater detail herein.

Education

Educational activities can include any activity that furthers a user's understanding and/or skills associated with products and/or services provided by the information management system provider. For example, educational activities can include live or online courses, seminars, webinars, etc. relating to products and services. Educational activities recommended for a user may differ based on the role of the user. For instance, courses recommended for an administrator user may be different from courses recommended for an engineer user. In addition, a larger number of courses may be suggested for the engineer user. Educational activities recommended for a user can also differ based on the level of the user. For example, courses for intermediate users may be different from courses for master users.

The information management system provider may provide certification based on the user's educational activities. Such certification can be included as a part of the user profile and may be shared with prospective employers at the choice of the user. For example, certification information can be included in the user's score or ranking as described below. Certification may be based on other activities in addition to educational activities (e.g., number of incidents associated with the user). The users can receive points for completing certain educational activities or courses and/or receive certification as indicated in Table 3.

TABLE 3 An Embodiment of Point System for Educational Activities Education Courses and Certification CommVault Simpana Proficiency Course/Certification Type (Course/ Points Level Name Certification) Attained Basic Core Fundamentals ILT 12 Implementation and ILT 12 Maintenance CommVault Certified Certification 16 Professional Introduction to Simpana ® ELearning 2 Software Storage Policies - Concepts ELearning 2 and design Removable Media ELearning 2 Management CommCell Administration ELearning 2 Monitoring a CommCell ® ELearning 2 Environment Client Administration ELearning 2 Data Protection and Recovery ELearning 2 Intermediate Virtual Environment ELearning 4 Protection - Concepts and Design Virtual Environment ELearning 4 Protection - Configuration and Administration Deduplication- Concepts and ELearning 4 Design Deduplication - Configuration ELearning 4 and Administration Data Search at the Edge - End ELearning 4 User Access eDiscovery Compliance ELearning 4 Search Bare Metal Restore - Design ELearning 4 and Configuration Archiving Data - Messaging ELearning 4 Archiving Data - File System ELearning 4 Advanced Snapshot Technology - ELearning 6 Concepts and Design Snapshot Technology - ELearning 6 Configuration and Administration Protecting the Microsoft ELearning 6 Application Suite Operations Management ELearning 6 Virtual Data Management ILT 15 Disaster Recovery - Design ILT 15 and Implementation CommVault Certified Certification 15 Specialist Expert There are no “Expert” courses n/a n/a at this time. Master CommVault Master Architect ILT 50 CommVault Certified Certification 50 Master Architect CommVault Database ILT 50 Architect Master CommVault Certified Certification 50 Database Architect

Other “Good Citizenship” Indicators

The user profile may also include information about other good citizenship activities and/or behavior. “Good citizenship” activities and/or behavior may refer to participation by a user of the community that provide value to the information management system provider and customers, such as active involvement in support operation and development and/or improvement of products. Some examples include the following.

Profile Completion

The profile can include an indication as to how complete the profile is. For instance, the profile may indicate the percentage of completion. Completeness of a profile may be based on forum and/or knowledge base contributions, knowledge base subscriptions, incident feedback, certification, etc. Profile completion can reflect a user's good citizenship level since it takes into account the scope of the user's contribution to the community. Profile completion status 217 a can be displayed (e.g., as a percentage) in the user interface associated with the user community, as illustrated in FIG. 2A.

Leader/Follower

The profile can also indicate the number of followers the user has and who the followers are. A user who is followed by other users can be referred to as “leaders.” Having followers also can reflect a user's level of good citizenship since the user's forum posts and/or knowledge base submissions are noticed and recognized by other users. Follower information 219 a can be displayed in the user interface associated with the user community, as illustrated in FIG. 2A.

The above examples have been provided for illustrative purposes, and good citizenship activities can include any other appropriate participation by community user. Good citizenship activities can assist in the maintenance and/or support by the information management system provider since the community can contribute to resolving issues and collective knowledge.

Score or Ranking

The user community may assign a score or ranking for a user based on the number of incidents associated with the user and based on the user's participation in the user community (e.g., user's points, other good citizenship activities, certification, etc.). The score or ranking can provide a useful metric to the information management provider in determining how to most efficiently interact with that particular user going forward. For instance, problem users may be tagged for targeted educational efforts or other remedial action. Moreover, the score or ranking can be used to incentivize the user to change their behavior. As one example, the system can provide users with a particular score or for whom particular issues have been identified with a list of remedial actions they can take to improve their score and/or ranking. As indicated previously, a user that opens a fewer number of incidents is generally more helpful and efficient than a user that opens a large number of incidents. The user that opens fewer incidents can probably handle issues relating to the information management system without involving support of the information management system provider than the user that opens more incidents. Therefore, the number of incidents associated with a user may be of interest, e.g., to the information management system provider as well as the customer.

However, a simple comparison of number of incidents may not provide a particularly effective metric in some cases. Rather, aspects of certain embodiments provided herein include the realization that the true nature of a particular user's performance depends on a large variety of contextual factors. For example, the configuration of the information management system a user is managing can be highly relevant in evaluating user performance. Two users may be interacting with information management systems having completely different hardware and/or software configurations, complexity, etc. In such a case, simply counting the number of incidents opened up by each user will not provide the most useful performance metric for evaluating the two users against one another. Accordingly, certain embodiments provided herein take such contextual factors into account in evaluating a particular user's performance.

As one example, a company having a large number of deployed information management hardware and/or software components on average will probably have more incidents than a company having a smaller number of deployed components. Accordingly, the number of incidents may be normalized (e.g., by weighting) based on a measure that is derived from one or more characteristics associated with the organization that the user belongs to, including any of the following, without limitation: deployed computing device information (e.g., a number, type, or other parameter or characteristic of deployed servers, client computing devices, or other computers or hardware devices associated with the user's deployed information management system environment), deployed software component information (e.g., a number, type or other parameter or characteristic associated with installed instances of one or more data agents, media agents, storage managers, or other software components of the user's deployed information management system software environment, deployed storage resource information such as an amount of deployed storage capacity (e.g., number of terabytes of storage), other characteristic associated with installed storage device(s) (e.g., storage device type or quantity), or an amount of money spent on items associated with services provided by the data storage service provider (e.g., on annual maintenance renewals, etc.). In some embodiments, global averages for various tasks may be available to normalize scores, such as an average completion time or other performance metric associated with a particular task, for some or all users of the information management system provider's software. Such information may be used for the purposes of determining the relative performance of a particular user as compared to the global average. For instance, a global average may be useful in tracking and/or evaluating a user's efficiency in executing certain tasks.

Good citizenship activities may also be of interest in assessing users because they can reflect a user's contribution to product support and/or maintenance. For example, a user who actively posts to the forum and whose posts are selected as solutions probably contributes more to support and maintenance than a user who rarely posts to the forum. In some embodiments, the user's score or ranking can include certification information relating to the user (e.g., completion of certain courses relating to products or services). Such certification information may be incorporated into the user's score or ranking as a number of points, indicated separately, or otherwise reflected in the user's score or ranking, etc.

Accordingly, a user's score or ranking can convey the user's skill level as support personnel (or in another role, e.g., an engineer). A user may choose to disclose his or her score within the user community to potential employers since the score can show that the user is a qualified candidate who has a low number of incidents and valued contribution to the user community. Certain details relating to scoring and ranking are provided below in connection with FIGS. 3-4.

Employer Access to Score or Ranking

An employer may look up the scores or rankings of users who choose to disclose them. For example, the employer may enter the user's name and the employer ID to access a candidate's profile. By asking to enter an employer ID, the user community can control access to the scores, e.g., only for eligible employers.

The scores can be useful for hiring support personnel because they can convey the level of expertise of an employee candidate. Also, the scores can indicate the level of the candidate's participation in overall maintenance and product development efforts relating to products offered by the information management system provider. Hiring an individual who has a high score can lead to cost savings since the individual is more likely to open a fewer number of incidents and have a high level of expertise.

As explained above, in order to provide a point of comparison, the score and ranking may be normalized based on a variety factors, including number of servers, number of terabytes, amount spent per year on maintenance renewals, etc.

In some embodiments, the score or ranking may be provided as a total number of points without further breakdown. In other embodiments, a total number of points may be provided along with a breakdown of points for each category. For example, the employer may be able to see the number of points for the maintenance and support related activities and the number of points for the educational activities. In one embodiment, the employer may also access certification information relating to the user. The certification information may be included in the total number of points, may be provided as a separate piece of information, or may be reflected in other ways in the overall score or ranking for the user.

Discounts Based on Score or Ranking

The information management system provider may provide discounts for maintenance and support to users with high scores or rankings. For example, a threshold value can be set for the score to qualify for discounts. If a user's score exceeds the threshold value, the user may be given discounts. Discounts may be for one product or multiple products offered by the information management system provider. Discounts may also be provided for support or maintenance contract.

The discounts may operate according to a set of rules, and may be automatically and electronically initiated by the information management system. The decision to grant a discount may be according to any desired algorithm. For instance, in some cases, the discount is based primarily or solely on a number of incidents opened, with users/customers having less open incidents being more likely to obtain a discount, while in other cases there is a more sophisticated weighting similar to the score or ranking algorithms described herein. For example, if someone has a high score but opens a large number of incidents, the information management system provider may not extend a discount to such user.

In this manner, the user community in connection with an information management system provider or products offered by the information management system provider can offer incentives for both employees and employers. An employee who has a high ranking or score in the user community can have increased probability of being hired by an employer and also have bargaining power in salary negotiations. For example, a user with a very high score may be sought after by employers, and the user will be able to receive a higher salary than someone who has a lower score.

From employer perspective, the user community ranking or score can provide a measure of reliability about an employee candidate. Hiring an employee with a high score can lead to cost savings, and hiring multiple employees with high scores can translate to even more cost savings.

Generating a Score or Ranking for Users of Information Management Systems and Services

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system 300 configured to provide user community functionality for a plurality of information management cells 390. For instance, the system 300 can be configured to generate a scores or rankings for users of the information management cells 390 and/or associated services. As illustrated, the exemplary system 300 includes a plurality of information management cells 390, which may also be referred to as storage operation cells or data storage cells. The exemplary system 300 can also include one or more user community managers 350. The system 300 may further include a user community data store 352 associated with the user community manager 350. The user community data store 352 can be contained within one or more storage devices in communication with user community manager 350.

The user community manager 350 communicates with the information management cells 390 over one or more networks, which may include a WAN, LAN, SAN, some other appropriate network, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the user community manager 350 communicates with each of the information management cells over the Internet. The user community data store 352 can include information relating to the user community, which can generally include any of the following types of information without limitation: user/customer profile information (e.g., user scores, rankings, incident history and other user/customer behavior information), information management cell configuration/environment information (e.g., deployed hardware and software configuration information), incident history information, etc. The user community data store 352 may be organized in any appropriate manner, and in one embodiment is organized in a database having tables, records, customer, information management cell, and user. An information management cell 390 may include one or more storage managers 310, one or more clients or client computing devices 320, one or more information stores or primary storage devices 330, one or more data agents 340, one or more remote operations managers 355, one or more applications 360, one or more media agents 370, and one or more secondary storage devices 380. The system 300 and corresponding components of FIG. 3 may be similar to or the same as the system 100 and similarly named components of FIG. 1D. Moreover, depending on the embodiment, the system 300 of FIG. 3 may additionally include any of the other components shown in FIG. 1D that are not specifically shown in FIG. 3. The system 300 may include one or more of each component. All components of the system 300 can be in direct communication with each other or communicate indirectly via the client 320, the storage manager 310, the media agent 370, or the like. In certain embodiments, some of the components in FIG. 3 shown as separate components can reside on a single computing device, or vice versa. For example, the remote operations manager 355 can reside on the storage manager 310, the media agent 370, or on a separate computing device.

The user community manager 350 may comprise software and/or hardware configured to host and implement the functionality of the user community for the storage cells 390. In one embodiment, the user community manager 350 is a software module implemented on one or more server computers. One function implemented by user community manager is generation of the scores or rankings for users of information management cells 390 and/or associated services. In some embodiments, the user community manager 350 can be located at a geographically remote site from the information management cells 390. For instance, the user community manager 350 in one embodiment is located at a site hosted by the information management system provider, whereas the information management cells 390 are hosted by customers of the information management system provider. In some cases, more than one information management cell 390 may be associated with a single customer. In other embodiments, the user community manager 350 may be located at the same site as the information management cells 390. While the illustrated embodiment depicts one user community manager 350 that is common to all of the information management cells 390, other configurations are possible. For instance, multiple user community managers 350 may be provided, such as where separate user community managers 350 are associated with each information management cell 390, groups of information management cells 390, or the like, depending on the embodiment. In certain embodiments, multiple user community managers 350 may be associated with one information management cell 390. Where the user community manager 350 is implemented within an information management cell 390, the user community manager 350 may reside on or form a part of the storage manager 310, media agent 370, another component of the system 300, or a separate computing device, such as a dedicated computing device for hosting the user community manager 350, depending on the embodiment.

The remote operations manager 355 may provide management and reporting operations functionality described above. For example, the remote operations manager 355 can provide features described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,343,453 and 8,650,445, each of which is incorporated by reference herein, and can generally provide monitoring, web reporting, and automation for the respective information management cell 390. In one embodiment, the remote operations manager 355 can implement a secure web service, and can monitor components of the information management cell 390 relating to data management, access, and protection. For example, the remote operations manager 355 in some embodiments polls (e.g., periodically polls) the various components of the information management cell 390 to obtain configuration information relating to the deployed environment, including information indicating the type, existence, and/or other characteristics associated with each deployed components. In other embodiments, the remote operations manager 355 passively receives such information, rather than actively polling the components in the information management cell 390. Such components can include can include some or all of the following: the client computing devices 320 and/or corresponding data agents 340, secondary storage computing devices and/or corresponding media agents 370, storage manager 310 and/or corresponding host computer, and the secondary storage devices 380. The remote operations manager 355 can also provide the obtained configuration information of an information management cell 390 to a remote system or component, such as the user community manager 350.

FIG. 3A is a data flow diagram illustrative of the interaction between the various components of the exemplary system 300. With further reference to FIG. 3A, the interaction between the various components of the exemplary information management system will now be described in greater detail with respect to data flow steps indicated by the numbered arrows.

At data flow step 1, the user community manager 350 receives information management cell 390 configuration information from the information management cell 390. The configuration information can include various types of information, such as information relating to one or more of the following aspects of the deployed information management environment associated with the particular information management cell 390: hardware configuration, software configuration, system complexity, etc. In some embodiments, the remote operations manager 355 is the entity that collects and/or sends the configuration information to the user community manager 350. The remote operations manager 355 may send previously collected data or collect data in real time at the request of the user community manager 350. In other embodiments, another component of the information management cell 390 may send the configuration information.

Hardware configuration information may include any of the following information associated with deployed hardware componentry of the respective information management cell 390: number of client computing devices 320 (which may host one or more corresponding data agents 340 and/or applications 360), number of secondary storage computing devices (which may host one or more corresponding media agents 370), number of server computers (which may host one or more corresponding storage managers 310), number of secondary storage devices 380, number of information stores 330 and/or corresponding storage devices in primary storage, amount of storage capacity (including primary and/or secondary storage), etc. In one embodiment, the number of client computing devices 320 is not a pure count of the number of physical client computing device 320, but is determined according to an algorithm that takes into account multiple factors which can include the number of physical client computing devices 320, the number of servers, the number of data agents 340 in the information management cell 390, or some combination thereof. In some embodiments, a single physical client computing device 320 may host a number of virtual client devices and corresponding data agents 340, applications 360, etc., and the number of client computing devices 320 includes a count of the number of virtual client devices in addition to or instead of a count of the number of physical client computing devices 320. In other embodiments, the number of client computing devices 320 may only include the number of physical client computing devices 320 in the information management cell 390.

Software configuration information may include configuration information relating to various types of software components deployed in the respective information management cell 390 (e.g., data agents 340, media agents 370, storage managers 310, etc.). For example, the software configuration information can include a number, type, or other parameter or characteristic associated with installed instances of one or more components of the information management cell 390.

Providing an accurate assessment of users of a particular information management cell 390 can depend in significant part on the type of services that are provided by the customer associated with the information management cell 390. For instance, some customers may deploy the information management cell 390 to provide managed service provider (MSP) functionality, where the customer leverages the functionality of the information management cell 390 to provide services to third parties (e.g., cloud storage services, cloud computing services, etc.) In such cases, the information management cell 390 may be connected over an appropriate network with computing systems of the third party, e.g., over the Internet or other WAN or LAN. As another example, some customers deploy the information management cell 390 exclusively to address their own data storage and other information management needs. Such customers may be referred to as “single entity” customers. In order to track customer type, the configuration information may also include information about the type of customer associated with each information management cell 390. For instance, the configuration information can identify the customer as being a single entity, managed service provider (MSP), or other type customer. The type of entity can affect the average expected number of incidents opened by users of the information management cell 390. A single entity may manage all of its storage management operations and can have different types of configurations within the organization. On the other hand, an MSP is more likely to have similar or uniform types of configurations within the organization. Therefore, users of an MSP-type information management cell 390 may generally open a fewer number of tickets than users of a single entity-type information management cell 390, either on an absolute basis or relative to the respective deployed configuration (e.g., relative to the respective number of client computing devices 320 or other hardware or software configuration information). In some embodiments, information about the type of entity may not be included in the configuration information, but accessible from another source. For example, the system 300 may store information about the type of entity of a customer in a database, files, etc.

At data flow step 2, the user community manager 350 accesses incident information for a user of the information management cell 390. The user community manager 350 may access the incident information from the user community data store 352, for example. For example, such information may be available as a part of the user's user community profile, the user's maintenance and/or support account, or both. Or the information may be available as a part of records relating to maintenance and/or support of the user's information management system.

The incidents can have different types or dispositions. In one example, the types of incidents can relate to and/or be flagged as relating to the following categories: training, configuration, environment, and bug. An incident can be flagged as training-related when the incident stems from the user's lack of training with a specific issue. An incident can be flagged as configuration-related when the incident is caused by a change in the configuration of the information management cell 390 (e.g., the information management cell 390 had a simple configuration, but now moved to a more complex configuration). An incident can be flagged as environment-related when the incident is caused by a change in the information management cell 390 due to other software or solutions not provided by the information management system provider (e.g., Microsoft Windows OS Service Pack). An incident can be flagged as bug-related when the incident stems from a bug in the software or solutions provided by the information management system. The types of incidents may be determined automatically by the system 300 or entered manually, e.g., by a support personnel. Certain types of incidents may positively affect the user's score, and other types of incidents may negative affect the user's score. The types of incidents discussed above are provided as illustrative examples. The system 300 can include additional and/or different types of incidents as appropriate.

At data flow step 3, the user community manager 350 generates a score for the user. The score can be based on various aspects of the user's activities, such as the user's maintenance and/or support activity, participation in the user community, etc. A single score can be assigned based on the various aspects of the user's activities. For example, different components of the score can be determined based on different aspects of the user's activities (e.g., independently), and then combined to generate a single score.

The component of the score relating to the user's maintenance and/or support activity may be based on the number of incidents opened by the user, which can be weighted based on one or more factors. The one or more weighting factors can be determined from or based on the configuration information and/or the user incident information. For example, some weighting factors may be determined from the information indicated by the configuration information, and other factors may be determined from the information indicated by the user incident information. The system 300 can determine whether to apply all factors or a subset of factors. The weighting can be positive or negative. In some embodiments, each factor may be weighted to derive the weighting value to be applied to the number of incidents, and the weighting value for each factor can have a different value or magnitude depending on the factor. Factors may be considered as having positive, neutral, or negative impact on scores, depending on the factor.

Some factors can relate to the hardware configuration of the information management cell 390. Hardware configuration related factors can be based on any of the hardware configuration information described previously associated with deployed hardware componentry of the respective information management cell 390, including, without limitation: number of client computing devices 320 (which may host one or more corresponding data agents 340 and/or applications 360), number of secondary storage computing devices (which may host one or more corresponding media agents 370), number of server computers (which may host one or more corresponding storage managers 310), number of secondary storage devices 380, number of information stores 330 and/or corresponding storage devices in primary storage, amount of storage capacity (including primary and/or secondary storage), etc. Depending on the embodiment, higher numbers of different types of components (e.g., client computing devices 320, media agents 370, storage managers 310) may be weighted more highly or positively (e.g., to more positively impact the overall score) than lower numbers of different types of components since higher numbers probably indicate a more complex architecture than lower numbers.

Some factors may relate to the software configuration associated with the information management cell 390. As explained above, software configuration related factors can include configuration and/or settings relating to software components deployed in the information management cell 390, including, without limitation, the data agents 320, media agents 370, storage managers 310, etc. (e.g., number, type, or other parameter or characteristic associated with installed instances). Similar to the hardware configuration related factors, software configuration and/or settings that indicate higher complexity, such as a higher number of installed instances, software indicating complex capabilities such as parallel restore or redundant restore, or the like, can be weighted more highly or positively (more positively impact score) than software configuration and/or settings that indicate lower complexity.

The user community manager 350 can also use the type of an incident can also be a factor in the weighting process. Each type may be considered to be a separate factor. For example, incidents relating to training and incidents relating to configuration can be categorized and counted separately. For example, a user can have 5 incidents relating to training and 10 incidents relating to configuration. Different types of incidents may be considered positive, neutral, or negative. For example, incidents relating to configuration or environment can be neutral, positive, or relatively less negative than other types of incidents (e.g., training-related incidents) since the causes are generally not the user's lack of knowledge. On the other hand, incidents relating to training tend to be negative because the user probably did not have knowledge about an issue. Relatively less negative or neutral incident types can be weighted relatively less negatively (e.g., affect ones score relatively less negatively than relatively more negative incident types. Weighting based on incident type can be performed on a more granular level in some embodiments. For example, each incident relating to training may be weighted differently, depending on whether an incident was the first instance of that particular type of issue, or was instead one of many instances of that type of issue. Or each incident relating to training can be weighted based on the type of issue. For example, if a particular user opens an incident for the same issue that they have already opened in the past, a more negative weighting may be assigned for that incident than for one or more of the previous instances of the incident for that user.

Each factor can be assigned a positive or negative weight and associated weighting value. In the example above, the 5 incidents relating to training can be assigned a weight of −2, and the 10 incidents relating to configuration can be assigned a weight of −1. Generally, the weights may be determined and assigned in a way that incentivizes behavior to be rewarded by assigning higher scores for activities indicative of good behavior and that disincentivizes poor behavior by assigning lower scores for activities indicative of poor behavior. While certain examples of weightings and factors are described, any appropriate algorithm can be used. For instance, in certain alternative embodiments, only positive weights are used, but different magnitudes are used to distinguish between positive, neutral, and negative factors. In some embodiments, fractional weights are used.

The weight to be applied to the number of incidents can be determined based on the weighting values for the various factors. For example, the user community manager 350 can create one weighting value by aggregating, averaging, or otherwise combining the weighting values for the various factors. Then, the user community manager 350 may generate the component of the score for the number of incidents by weighting the number of incidents by the one combined weighting value. The user community manager 350 can generate the score according to a predetermined algorithm. The algorithm may be defined such that a user with better performance receives a higher score.

In one embodiment, the component of the score relating to the number of incidents opened by the user can be based on the number of client computing devices 320 in the information management cell 390, the types of incidents opened by the user, and the type of entity associated with the information management cell 390. In an illustrative example, an information management cell 390 has 2,000 client computing devices 320. The user opens an average of 20 incidents per month. The customer associated with the information management cell 390 is a single entity type of customer (e.g., not an MSP-type). The type of incidents the user opens generally relate to configuration, environment, or bug. In this case, the user's average number of incidents per month may be higher than the global average number of incidents. However, the user's number of incidents may be normalized or weighted to be lower since the user has a complex configuration and the incidents are probably not due to the user's lack of expertise. The weighted number of incidents may be used in generating a final score for the user that incorporates other aspects of the user's activities. In this manner, the system 300 can provide a frame of reference for the number of incidents opened by a user by weighting the number appropriately based on various factors.

The overall score can be generated based on not only the weighted number of incidents, but also other types of user community-related activities mentioned above in this disclosure, such as knowledge base article contribution, educational activities, etc. Various aspects of a user's activity in connection with the user community may be considered positive, neutral, or negative, and may be assigned points accordingly. An example of generating a user's overall score is provided with reference to user activity information as indicated in the table below. A user may have the following points based on the user community activities as well as maintenance and support activities.

Category/Factor Count Points # of Submitted Knowledge 10 +30 Base Articles # of Qualifying Educational  5 +25 Activities # of Client Computing 2,000/Single N/A Devices/Entity Type (Complexity (Complexity Factor) Factor = 0.8) # Incidents (Total) 20 −25 * 0.80 = −20 # Incidents - training-related  5 −10 * 0.80 = −8  # Incidents - configuration-/ 15 −15 * 0.80 = −12 environment-related

The user contributed 10 knowledge base articles, for which the user received +30 points (e.g., 3 points per knowledge base article). The user also completed 5 qualifying educational activities, such as training courses, for which the user received +25 points (e.g., 5 points per qualifying activity). The user also opened a total of 20 incidents. The configuration/environment-related incidents can be considered relatively neutral or less negative incidents, and are given a weight of only −1 point each, whereas the training-related incidents are viewed as relatively more negative, and weighted −2 points each. Accordingly, the user's initial number of points for incidents may be −25 points. However, the user's information management cell 390 has 2,000 client computing devices 320, which may be relatively complex, e.g., as compared to an average information management cell complexity, and the entity type is single, which makes the configuration relatively more complex as well. Accordingly, the user's negative points for incidents are weighted downwards according to an assigned complexity factor of 0.8 in the illustrated example based on the number of client computing devices 320 and the entity type. For example, the number of points for incident may be reduced to −20 instead of −25. The user's resulting overall points then would be +35. This example is provided for illustrative purposes only, and the overall score can be generated according to any appropriate algorithm or formula.

FIG. 4 is flow diagram illustrative of one embodiment of a routine 400 for generating a score or ranking for users of information management systems and services. The routine 400 is described with respect to the system 300 of FIGS. 3 and 3A. However, one or more of the steps of routine 400 may be implemented by other information management systems, such as those described in greater detail above with reference to FIG. 1D. The routine 400 can be implemented by any one, or a combination of, a client, a storage manager, a data agent, a user community manager, a media agent, and the like. Moreover, further details regarding certain aspects of at least some of steps of the routine 400 are described in greater detail above with reference to FIGS. 3 and 3A. Although described in relation to backup operations for the purposes of illustration, the process of FIG. 4 can be compatible with other types of storage operations, such as, for example, archiving, migration, snapshots, replication operations, and the like.

At block 401, the user community manager 350 obtains configuration information of an information management cell 390. The configuration information can include information relating to one or more of: hardware configuration and software configuration.

At block 402, the user community manager 350 accesses incident information for a user of the information management cell 390. The accessed incident information can be from an account associated with the user, such as the user's user community account or the user's maintenance and/or support account. In some embodiments, the user community manager 350 more broadly accesses information associated with the user, rather than the incident information specifically. For example, the accessed information can be information associated with the user's account. In certain embodiments, the accessed information can include training history associated with the user. The accessed information can also include user participation in the user community.

At block 403, the user community manager 350 determines one or more factors indicated by the configuration information or the accessed information. The one or more factors can include one or more of: a number of client computing devices in the information management cell, a number of secondary storage computing devices in the information management cell, a number of storage managers in the information management cell, a number of storage devices in the information management cell, an amount of secondary storage capacity in the information management cell, a type of an incident, and a variation of configuration within the information management cell. The type of an incident can relate to one or more of: training, configuration, environment, or bug.

At block 404, the user community manager 350 weights the number of incidents based on the one or more factors, according to a predetermined algorithm.

At block 405, the user community manager 350 generates a score for the user based at least in part on the weighted number of incidents. In some embodiments, the score can be generated based at least in part on the training history of the user, the user participation in the user community, etc. In certain embodiments, the user community manager 350 may also generate a customized training recommendation(s) for the user, such as courses, knowledge base articles, etc. The user community manager 350 can also generate personalized notifications relating to maintenance and/or support activities, such as a reminder to perform a backup operation if a backup has not occurred within a specific period of time. Reminders can be sent for various types of secondary storage operations.

The routine 400 can include fewer, more, or different blocks than those illustrated in FIG. 4 without departing from the spirit and scope of the description. Moreover, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and others that some or all of the functions described in this disclosure may be embodied in software executed by one or more processors of the disclosed components and mobile communication devices. The software may be persistently stored in any type of non-volatile storage.

Terminology

Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereof means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any one of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list. Likewise the term “and/or” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any one of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

Depending on the embodiment, certain operations, acts, events, or functions of any of the algorithms described herein can be performed in a different sequence, can be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all are necessary for the practice of the algorithms). Moreover, in certain embodiments, operations, acts, functions, or events can be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors or processor cores or on other parallel architectures, rather than sequentially.

Systems and modules described herein may comprise software, firmware, hardware, or any combination(s) of software, firmware, or hardware suitable for the purposes described herein. Software and other modules may reside and execute on servers, workstations, personal computers, computerized tablets, PDAs, and other computing devices suitable for the purposes described herein. Software and other modules may be accessible via local memory, via a network, via a browser, or via other means suitable for the purposes described herein. Data structures described herein may comprise computer files, variables, programming arrays, programming structures, or any electronic information storage schemes or methods, or any combinations thereof, suitable for the purposes described herein. User interface elements described herein may comprise elements from graphical user interfaces, interactive voice response, command line interfaces, and other suitable interfaces.

Further, the processing of the various components of the illustrated systems can be distributed across multiple machines, networks, and other computing resources. In addition, two or more components of a system can be combined into fewer components. Various components of the illustrated systems can be implemented in one or more virtual machines, rather than in dedicated computer hardware systems and/or computing devices. Likewise, the data repositories shown can represent physical and/or logical data storage, including, for example, storage area networks or other distributed storage systems. Moreover, in some embodiments the connections between the components shown represent possible paths of data flow, rather than actual connections between hardware. While some examples of possible connections are shown, any of the subset of the components shown can communicate with any other subset of components in various implementations.

Embodiments are also described above with reference to flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products. Each block of the flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams, may be implemented by computer program instructions. Such instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, specially-equipped computer (e.g., comprising a high-performance database server, a graphics subsystem, etc.) or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor(s) of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computing device or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operations to be performed on the computing device or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

Any patents and applications and other references noted above, including any that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further implementations of the invention.

These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description describes certain examples of the invention, and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in its specific implementation, while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.

To reduce the number of claims, certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, but the applicant contemplates the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. For example, while only one aspect of the invention is recited as a means-plus-function claim under 35 U.S.C sec. 112(f) (AIA), other aspects may likewise be embodied as a means-plus-function claim, or in other forms, such as being embodied in a computer-readable medium. Any claims intended to be treated under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) will begin with the words “means for”, but use of the term “for” in any other context is not intended to invoke treatment under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f). Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to pursue additional claims after filing this application, in either this application or in a continuing application. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-readable medium, excluding transitory propagating signals, storing instructions that, when executed by an information management system, cause the information management system to perform a method for assessing users of a data storage system, the method comprising: determining, with a computing device of a data storage system provider, configuration information indicative of at least one of: a hardware configuration of a data storage cell, the data storage cell comprising one or more client computing devices and configured to store one or more secondary copies of primary data generated by the one or more client computing devices in the data storage cell, and a software configuration of the data storage cell; determining incident information relating to an incident in which resources of the data storage system provider were expended on behalf of a user of the data storage cell; and updating a performance metric associated with the user to a first value based on the incident, wherein the first value is based at least in part on a type of the incident in which the resources of the data storage system provider were expended on behalf of the user of the data storage cell.
 2. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the updating performance metric associated with the user is executed according to an information management policy associated with the data storage cell, wherein the information management policy is a set of setting or preferences for performing information management operations. the method further comprises.
 3. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises calculating a complexity factor of the data storage cell.
 4. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the performance metric comprises one or more of a role, a score, or a ranking.
 5. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises providing a graphical user interface including a graphical depiction of the updated performance metric.
 6. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the first value is based at least in part on the configuration information indicative of a hardware configuration of the data storage cell associated with the incident.
 7. The computer-readable medium of claim 6, wherein the configuration information comprises one or more of: (i) a number of hardware components in the data storage cell, (ii) a number of software components in the data storage cell, (iii) an entity type associated with the data storage cell, or (iv) a number of client computing devices in the data storage cell.
 8. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: normalizing a number of incidents associated with the user based on the configuration information; and updating the performance metric associated with the user based on the normalization.
 9. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: determining that the user has completed a training-related task; and updating the performance metric associated with the user based on the determination that the user has completed a training-related task.
 10. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: determining that the user has participated in a user community for users of a plurality of data storage cells including the data storage cell; and updating the performance metric associated with the user based on the determination that the user has participated in a user community for users of a plurality of data storage cells including the data storage cell.
 11. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: outputting, based on a user profile associated with the user, a recommended task to be performed by the user, the recommended task related to use of data storage software installed in the data storage cell.
 12. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the resources expended on behalf of the user of the data storage cell comprise one or more of product support resources, incident management resources, on-line user forum resources, knowledge base resources, or product education resources.
 13. A system, comprising: a computing device of a data storage system provider, the computing device comprising computer hardware and configured to: determine configuration information indicative of at least one of: a hardware configuration of a data storage cell, the data storage cell comprising one or more client computing devices and configured to store one or more secondary copies of primary data generated by the one or more client computing devices in the data storage cell, and a software configuration of the data storage cell; determine incident information relating to an incident in which resources of the data storage system provider were expended on behalf of a user of the data storage cell; and update a performance metric associated with the user to a first value based on the incident, wherein the first value is based at least in part on a type of the incident in which the resources of the data storage system provider were expended on behalf of the user of the data storage cell.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the updating performance metric associated with the user is executed according to an information management policy associated with the data storage cell, wherein the information management policy is a set of setting or preferences for performing information management operations.
 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the computing device is further configured to calculate a complexity factor of the data storage cell.
 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the performance metric comprises one or more of a role, a score, or a ranking.
 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the computing device is further configured to provide a graphical user interface including a graphical depiction of the updated performance metric.
 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the first value is based at least in part on the configuration information indicative of a hardware configuration of the data storage cell associated with the incident.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the configuration information comprises one or more of (i) a number of hardware components in the data storage cell, (ii) a number of software components in the data storage cell, (iii) an entity type associated with the data storage cell, or (iv) a number of client computing devices in the data storage cell.
 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the computing device is further configured to: normalize a number of incidents associated with the user based on the configuration information; and update the performance metric associated with the user based on the normalization.
 21. The system of claim 13, wherein the computing device is further configured to: determine that the user has completed a training-related task; and update the performance metric associated with the user based on the determination.
 22. The system of claim 13, wherein the computing device is further configured to: determine that the user has participated in a user community for users of a plurality of data storage cells including the data storage cell; and update the performance metric associated with the user based on the determination.
 23. The system of claim 13, wherein the computing device is further configured to: output, based on a user profile associated with the user, a recommended task to be performed by the user, the recommended task related to use of data storage software installed in the data storage cell.
 24. The system of claim 13, wherein the resources expended on behalf of the user of the data storage cell comprise one or more of product support resources, incident management resources, on-line user forum resources, knowledge base resources, or product education resources.
 25. A computer-readable medium, excluding transitory propagating signals, storing instructions that, when executed by an information management system, cause the information management system to perform a method for assessing users of a data storage system, the method comprising: determining, with a computing device of a data storage system provider, configuration information indicative of at least one of: a hardware configuration of a data storage cell, the data storage cell comprising one or more client computing devices and configured to store one or more secondary copies of primary data generated by the one or more client computing devices in the data storage cell, and a software configuration of the data storage cell; determining incident information relating to an incident in which resources of the data storage system provider were expended on behalf of a user of the data storage cell; and updating a performance metric associated with the user to a first value based on the incident, wherein the first value is based at least in part on one or more of: a type of the incident in which the resources of the data storage system provider were expended on behalf of the user of the data storage cell, the configuration information of the data storage cell associated with the incident; determining, based on the performance metric associated with the user, a recommended task to be performed by the user. 